Background: The nail organ has an important functional and aesthetic importance. Nail Growth Rate (NGR) has attracted the attention of many investigators not only due to the importance of the nail apparatus but also as a tool to reflect health.
Objective: To study the effects of smoking and age on nail growth.
Patients and methods:The study was conducted at the Department of Physiology and the Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad during the period from January 2011 to May 2011.
Nail growth measurement was performed by etching a T – mark on the nail plate of the right and the left thumbs with a wide bore needle. The vertical distance between the point of meeting of the T and the proximal nail fold was measured using (vernier). A second measurement was performed one month later. The difference between the 2 readings was divided by the number of days between the readings to give the NGR.
Results:The NGR was measured in a total of 106 subjects. The subjects were divided into 3 groups:
Group1 (Smoker male subjects): 23 subjects were included in this group. Their ages ranged between 20 and 59 years with a mean of 35.87 +11.72 years. Group 2 (Non-smoker male subjects): 34 subjects were included. Their ages ranged between 13 and 52 years with a mean of 31.76 + 10.16 years.Group 3 (Non-smoker female subjects): 49 subjects were included. Their ages ranged between 8 and 58 years with a mean of 27.49 +11.66 years. NGR measurement in:
Group 1:The mean growth rate in the right thumb was 95.4 + 28.8 microns/day, and for the left thumb was 96 + 34 microns/day.
Group 2:The NGR was 105.6 + 34.35, and 103.4 + 34.24 microns /day, for the right thumb and the left thumb respectively. .
Group 3: The NGR was 100 .5 + 33.52 microns/day for the right thumb and 101.6 + 31.77 microns /day for the left thumb.
Conclusion: Age was inversely correlated with nail growth in right and left thumbs in all groups. The duration of smoking and number of cigarettes was inversely related to nail growth, but it did not reach statistical significance.
The topic of the research revolves around constructivist theory, which is one of the most important theories that added weight to the theoretical and epistemological field of international relations. The constructivist theory studies international relations from a completely different side of theories by focusing on the social aspects of international relations, and by looking at international relations as social constructs. Ideas, cultures, norms, standards and language play a major role in their formation. The study also examines the state of the war on terrorism as it represents one of the most international cases in which its composition and composition coincide with constructive ideas and a
... Show MoreBackground: the integrity of cardiovascular reflexes & autonomic activities can be assessed by different tests and different techniques. However most of these studies carried out on male subject & usually on young group only .very little researches available concerning the differences in cardiovascular reflexes between male & female in different age group.
Aim of study: is to investigate the differences in cardiovascular reflexes in young , old male & female in response to go head up tilting using totally non- invasive system .
Sub. & Methods: this study was carried out in AL-Najaf teaching hospital on 85 normal sub. , 41 males c6 44 females they were divided into two age groups (20-40 years) & (41-60 years)
Insulin like growth factor-1 has metabolic and growth-related roles all over the body and is strongly associated and regulated by growth hormone. It is produced by almost any type of tissue, especially the liver. The study aimed to measure insulin like growth factor in growth hormone deficient patients and find its relation with other studied parameters. The Subjects in the study were 180 studied in the National Diabetic Center for Treatment and Research/Al-Mustansiriya University in Baghdad/Iraq for the period from November 2021 to April 2022. Blood was drawn and investigated for the levels of IGF-1, IGFBP-3, LH, and FSH. Also testosterone and statistical analysis was carried out to find the potential correlations. The results relived t
... Show MoreBackground: The grading systems of salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma depend on different histologic and morphologic features. The aim of this study was to compare between Auclair and Brandwein systems according to their histologic criteria, and the type of cell predominant. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one case included hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stained tissue slides that were diagnosed as MEC, originally categorized into low and high grade type regardless of the grading system, have meticulously undergone histopathologic review. The sample was graded according to criteria owing to Auclair and Brandwein methods. The predominant type of cells was determined by microscopic examination according to grade of tumor. Results: Regarding the
... Show MoreThe current research examines the employment of indicators of stereotypes and the dimensions of organizational clarification to achieve planned organizational behaviour on a sample of employees in a number of departments of the Faculties of Engineering, University of Kufa, for a sample of (122) teaching staff. This research proposes the use of positive indicators of stereotypes for both the organization and employees and their awareness of what they want to obtain and what should be done for both parties and the removal of organizational clarity represented by the functional dimension that explores to what degree the employee's understanding of the internal strategy of the organization and the strategic dimension that searches fo
... Show MoreReseach target the most important topic, is Activity and ProfitabilityIndictors Analysis for
Nationality and Iraqi Insurance Company, In order to stand on them ability to cover its risks
and explore the efficiency asset and its avialible resources using to determine them abilities to
profit generation from its insurance activity. The analysis was focus to examine their profit
and activity power, and test the significant differences aming them performance. Test 2
hypothese that is related and result it sign that the 2 company no has significant differences at
profitability and activity level. The research depend on coneclusion, recommended two
company to work at efficiency with cost element of insurance activity in or
Zinc oxide (ZnO) transparent thin films with different oxygen flow rates (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5)Litter/min. were prepared by thermal evaporation technique on glass substrate at a temperature of 200℃ with rate (10±2)nm sec-1, The crystallinity and structure of these films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It exhibits a polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure and the preferred orientation along (002) plane. The Optical properties of ZnO were determined through the optical transmission method using ulta violet–Visible spectrophotometer with in wave length (300-1100)nm. The optical transmittance of the ZnO films increases from 75% to 85% with increase flow rate of O2, and the optical band gap of ZnO
... Show MoreBackground: