Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting the Iraqi population and the leading cause of cancer related mortality among Iraqi women. It has been well documented that prognosis of patients depends largely upon the hormone receptor contents and HER-2 over expression of their neoplasm. Recent studies suggest that Triple Positive (TP) tumors, bearing the three markers, tend to exhibit a relatively favorable clinical behavior in which overtreatment is not recommended. Aim: To document the different frequencies of ER/PR/HER2 breast cancer molecular subtypes focusing on the Triple Positive pattern; correlating those with the corresponding clinico-pathological characteristics among a sample of Iraqi patients diagnosed with th

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Iraq and the United Kingdom. While the disease is frequently diagnosed among middleaged Iraqi women at advanced stages accounting for the second cause of cancer-related deaths, breast cancer often affects elderly British women yielding the highest survival of all registered malignancies in the UK. Objective: To compare the clinical and pathological profiles of breast cancer among Iraqi and British women; correlating age at diagnosis with the tumor characteristics, receptor-defined biomarkers and phenotype patterns. Methods: This comparative retrospective study included the clinical and pathological characteristics of (1,940) consecutive female patients who were diagnosed with invasive b

Background:The breast cancer is the most common non-skin malignancy in women and prognostic factors are important in predicting disease free survival and overall survival.
Objective: To detect prognostic factors of breast cancer patients and study the correlation between these prognostic factors.
Patients and methods: this is a retrospective study which included87 patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy in Baghdad teaching hospital/ oncology department in the year 2010. Prognostic factors were registered including: age, histopathological subtype, degree of differentiation, lymph node involvement, ER and PR, Her 2/neu and lymphovascular invasion.
Results: Regarding breast cancer; 55(63.2%) of patients were early breast

     The human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) gene plays a critical role in breast cancer development and progression. HER2 overexpression characterizes a biologically and clinically aggressive breast cancer subtype. In this study, 60 samples from Iraqi women with breast cancer were collected and investigated for HER2 protein in the tissue by immunohistochemistry. Also, 20 samples from healthy Iraqi women were used as a control. The results showed that 18 (30 %) patients expressed the HER2 protein. A molecular study for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was conducted on samples metastasizing to lymph nodes. DNA was extracted and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify e

Background: Bladder cancer is among the most prevalent cancers worldwide, with 549,393 new cases reported in 2018. Approximately 3% of all new cancer diagnoses and 2.1% of all cancer deaths are due to urinary bladder cancer.

Objectives: This study aims to explore the efficiency of renal system functions as indicated by renal function tests and electrolyte levels among bladder cancer patients.

Methods: All patients in this case-control study were recruited from Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital for surgical specialties in Baghdad during the period from December 2021 to June 2022. A total of 100 individuals were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups.

BACKGROUND: The rapidly growing knowledge regarding factors controlling tumour growth, with the new modalities of therapy acting on the biological activity of the tumours draw the attention of most cancer researches nowadays and represent a major focus for clinical oncology practice. For the detection of HER2/neu protein overexpression and gene amplification, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in-situ hybridisation (ISH) is the recommended techniques, respectively, with high concordance between the two techniques. The current United Kingdom recommendations for HER2/neu testing are either for a two-tier system using IHC with reflex ISH testing in equivocal positive cases, or a one-tier ISH strategy. AIM: To compare the results of HER2/neu gene s

Background : To assess the actual practice of breast self-examination (BSE), as an early detection tool for breast cancer, among a sample of patients affected with breast cancer in Iraq.Methods: A random sample of 200 female patients with breast cancer was analyzed to evaluate the extent of their actual practice of breast self-examination before the diagnosis of the disease.  The examined variables included the age of the patients, marital status, education, occupation, smoking habit, family history of cancer, frequency of gravidity, parity and abortions. Results: The age of patients ranged from (24-70) years with a mean age of 48 years. The highest frequency of the examined sample

Background: Earlier reports related the presence of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus -like gene sequences to human breast carcinoma. Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus -like gene is a retrovirus, namely, a virus containing reverse transcriptase which transcript its RNA to DNA in a process that enables genetic material from the retrovirus to become a part of the genes of an infected cell permanently. The virus that found in women was designated as Human Mammary Tumor Virus by the authors, who have investigated the presence of Human Mammary Tumor Virus sequences in a many human breast tissues and in many countries.

Objectives: Detect HMTV genome in Iraqi women of breast cancer.

Patients and Methods

Background: Breast cancer is the commonest cancer in women. In radiotherapy practice, it comprises 25% of patient caseload. This makes understanding the breast irradiation toxicities of prime importance. Early radiation toxicities occur during treatment and up to six months after treatment finished.
Objectives: assessment of the early side effects of adjuvant external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in breast cancer patients.
Patients and Methods: A cross sectional survey with analytic component conducted on 60 patients treated in the oncology teaching hospital of medical city from January to April 2016.
Results: The most prevalent toxicities were radiation dermatitis, fatigue, pain, sore throat, nausea, dysphagia,&

Background: Although, different protocols of chemotherapy are recommended for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, still response rates are variable.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects and correlation of different chemotherapy administered to metastatic breast cancer patients on serum levels of some biomarkers.
Patients and methods: Thirty metastatic breast cancer patients were enrolled in the study. The patients received different protocols of chemotherapy. Blood samples were taken from the patients before and after the last cycle of each protocol and from 20 healthy control and serum levels of biomarkers IL-6, leptin, CA 15-3 and p53 were estimated by Elisa.
Results: The mean serum levels of