Background: Patients with chronic renal failure ( CRF) are at increased rick of cardiovascular diseases and 60 of cardiovascular mortality in CRF is attributed to sudden  death.

Background: Background : Patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation have high risk of thromboembolism especially ischemic stroke usually arising from left atrial appendage .Transoesophageal echocardiography provides useful information for risk stratification in these patients as it detects thrombus in the left atrial or left atrial appendage. Objective : This study was conducted at Al-Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital to assess the prevalence of left atrial chamber thrombi in patients with chronic non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation using transoesophageal echocardiography and its clinical significance as well as to verify the superiority of transoesophageal over transthoracic echocardiography in the detection of these abnormalities. Type of

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major etiological agents causing acute and chronic liver disease worldwide with significant morbidity and mortality. The high genetic variability of HBV is reflected by eight genotypes (A to H), each with a particular geographical prevalence.
Objectives: The study was conducted to find out HBV genotypes in chronic hepatitis B- (CHB) carriers in association with serological markers of HBV.
Methods: This work was carried on from March to, December 2012 in Duhok/Iraq and enrolled 134 HBsAg positive carrier cases. recruited to Central Public Health Lab. Specific primers PCR technique was used to detect HBV genotypes. The carrier cases were screened for markers of HBV infection by Enzyme

For criminal investigations, fingerprints remain the most reliable form of personal identification despite developments in other fields like DNA profiling. The objective of this work is to compare the performance of both commercial charcoal and activated carbon powder derived from the Alhagi plant to reveal latent fingerprints from different non-porous surfaces (cardboard, plain glass, aluminum foil sheet, China Dish, Plastic, and Switch). The effect of three variables on activated carbon production was investigated. These variables were the impregnation ratio (the weight ratio of KOH: dried raw material), the activation temperature, and the activation time. The effect factors were investigated using Central Composite Design

Background: Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory condition. It's not an uncommon disease, in both the developed and developing countries, causes high morbidity and mortality, and inflicts a heavy economic burden. Severe acute pancreatitis is present in up to 25% of patients with acute pancreatitis, with considerable mortality. Changes in the management of acute pancreatitis in the last 2 decades contributed to reduce the mortality.

Objective: was to review the diagnosis and management and outcomes of patients with acute pancreatitis of patients with acute pancreatitis in Al- Karama teaching hospital.

Patients and Methods: This prospective study included 63 patients

Medical imaging is a technique that has been used for diagnosis and treatment of a large number of diseases. Therefore it has become necessary to conduct a good image processing to extract the finest desired result and information. In this study, genetic algorithm (GA)-based clustering technique (K-means and Fuzzy C Means (FCM)) were used to segment thyroid Computed Tomography (CT) images to an extraction thyroid tumor. Traditional GA, K-means and FCM algorithms were applied separately on the original images and on the enhanced image with Anisotropic Diffusion Filter (ADF). The resulting cluster centers from K-means and FCM were used as the initial population in GA for the implementation of GAK-Mean and GAFCM. Jaccard index was used to s

The results shows existence of metals such as copper, iron, Cadmium, lead and zinc in most of examined samples , the highest concentration are up to (2.26, 40.82, 282.5, 31.02, 19.26, 4.34) Part per million) ppm) in pasta hot (Zer brand), Indomie with chicken, granule (Zer brand), brand (Zer brand), and rice (mahmood brand) respectively, with presence nickel in spaghetti( Zer brand), granule, Zer brand with concentration reached to 4.34 ppm and 1.06 ppm respectively.
The results of cereals group and its products show that two kinds of fungi, Aspergillus spp. and Penicillin spp. were found in rice (Mahmood brand) with numbers got to 1.5×103 Colony Forming Unit/ gram (c.f.u./g),while Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were isola

Background: P53 is an important tumor marker in many malignancies, the P53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a key role in the regulation of the cell cycle.

Background:Parkinson’disease(PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by resting tremor, bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, and impairment of postural reflexes; the frequency of PD increases with aging.Clinically Parkinson's disease characterized by two groups of symptoms: motor and non-motor symptoms.Non-motor symptoms can be categorized as autonomic, cognitive/psychiatric (may include depression, dementia, anxiety, hallucinations), sensory and rapid eye movements (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD).

Objectives:The objectives of this study are to find out the frequency of the non-motor symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson disease in a group of patients in Baghd

Background: Hyperuricemia represents a major public health problem; approximately most population has hyperuricemia, serum uric acid ≥6.5 mg/dL in women and ≥7.0 mg/dL in men.
Allopurinol has been approved for the treatment of hyperuricemia patients. Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest a linkage between hyperuricemia and type of treatment.
Objective: To assess the effect of allopurinol and uralyt- 4 and mixture of two drugs (allopurinol and uralyt-4) in hyperuricemia patients
Methods: A total of 60 serum patients with history of hyperuricemia, obtained from Baladrus Hospital in Diyala governorate, were included in this study. In addition, ten normal uric acid level persons used as contro