Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual patients.. The systemic manifestations  of  COPD  include  a number of endocrine disorders , such  as  those  involving the pituitary, the thyroid , the gonads, the adrenals  and  the pancreas.  The  mechanisms  by which COPD  alters  endocrine function are incompletely understood  but likely involve  hypoxemia , hypercapnia , systemic inflammation and  glucocorticoid  administration.

Objective:  To evaluate the relationship bet

Background: Fibromyalgia (FMS) is characterized by chronic widespread pain and allodynia (pain from stimuli which are not normally painful with pain that may occur other than in the area stimulated) of more than 3 months duration. The current hypothesis of the etiology of FMS includes inflammatory and neuroendocrine disorders. Many features of fibromyalgia and hypothyroidism are virtually the same, and thyroid hormone treatment trials have reduced or eliminated fibromyalgia symptoms. These findings led the authors to test the hypothesis that fibromyalgia patients are hypometabolic compared to matched control .

Patients and Methods: The samples  were taken from the patients attending the out-

Background: Sub-clinical hypothyroidism (SCTD) is most commonly an early stage of hypothyroidism. Although the condition may resolve or remain unchanged, within a few years in some patients, overt hypothyroidism may develop, with low free T4 levels as well as a raised thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) level. In general thyroid dysfunction is a condition known to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy and to adversely affect pregnancy outcome. As screening for thyroid disease becomes more common, SCTD is being diagnosed more frequently in clinical practice. The aim of the study is to find out the effect of treating SCTD with thyroxin on the fertility status of the female patient.
Patients and methods: Forty thr

This research attempted to take advantage of modern techniques in the study of the superstructural phonetic features of spoken text in language using phonetic programs to achieve more accurate and objective results, far from being limited to self-perception and personal judgment, which varies from person to person.
    It should be noted that these phonological features (Nabr, waqf, toning) are performance controls that determine the fate of the meaning of the word or sentence, but in the modern era has received little attention and attention, and that little attention to some of them came to study issues related to the composition or style Therefore, we recommend that more attention should be given to the study of

Background: Hyperthyroidism refers to overactive of thyroid gland leading to excessive synthesis of thyroid hormones and accelerated metabolism in the peripheral tissue.
Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate a new member of the IL-1 super family of cytokines interleukin-33(IL-33) levels in serum .in order to evaluate its utility as clinical bio marker of autoimmune disease (i.e. hyperthyroidism)
Methods: The present study was conducted on 30 patients from the Iraqi female patients with hyperthyroidism attending Baghdad teaching hospital, in addition to 30 healthy controls. All subjects were (35-65) years old. Parameters measured in the sera of patients and healthy groups, were interleukin -33 (IL-33), Thyroxin (T4), Thyro

Background: Autoimmune thyroiditis is one of autoimmune thyroid diseases. The cause of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is not clearly identified; however, both genetic and environmental are suggested to play a role in pathogenesis of the disease. Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is one of the possible causative agents.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to look for the association of H. pylori infection with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Patients and Methods: a case-control study involved patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (n=100) and  control group (hyperthyroidism n=50, healthy persons n=50), the study groups were subjected to serological investigation of anti- H. pyloriIgG antibodies, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody, and anti-

Background: Atherosclerosis causes thickening of the artery walls. The intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) is widely used as an early indicator of the development of coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, and independently cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diabetes increased the risk of cardiovascular disease, also accelerates the common IMT progression. The Sonographic measurement of carotid intima-media thickness is used as a valid simple and noninvasive method for the assessment of atherosclerosis disease.

Also the ankle brachial index (ABI) is considered as a strong predictor for future cardiovascular events, and a golden standard for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease (PA

Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase is a prevalent enzyme that maintains the Na⁺ and K⁺ gradients across the cell membrane by transporting three Na⁺ out and two K⁺ into the cell, the aim of this study  is to provide detailed mechanistic insights, potentially with important effects on physiological regulation of active Na and K transport in tissues of Aerobic Thyroid Patient. Thyroid tissues were obtained from a 35 year old patients, the operation was carried out at the Al-Hadi Specialist Hospital in Samarra city, the sample was stored at -20^ºC until used. The purification protocol included Salt Precipitation, Ion Exchange Chromatography, Gel Filtration and E

Background: Hypocalcemia is a well-recognized complication of thyroid surgery. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery and find out the risk factors involved regarding the patient’s age, gender, muscular build, clinical diagnosis, extent of surgery, ligation of the inferior thyroid artery, and pathology report.

Patients and Methods: This case series study was carried out on 50 patients who have undergone thyroid surgery for various thyroid diseases at the surgical department of Al-Karama Teaching Hospital for the period between January 2016 and July 2017. Serial serum calcium measurements were recorded as well as details of the operation, patie

The present study aims at assessing the effects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on thyroid hormone and leptin by evaluating the level of: leptin hormone along with thyroid hormone in CKD patients. The study has been conducted on  70 subjects, 50 patients with an age range between 20-50 years (25  males and 25 females) who were diagnosed to have CKD stage-5, and 20 normal controls whose ages ranged between 20-48 years (10  males and 10 females), who attended  the Nephrology and Transplant Center in Medical City of Baghdad- Iraq from April  2018  to July  2018. The study showed a highly significant (P<0.01) increase in TSH level in CKD patients in comparison with controls. While T3 and T4 levels observed highly significant decrea