Buffering of Local anaesthesia (LA) has been suggested as a mechanism to improve injection comfort and hasten the onset of anaesthesia. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of buffered LA in the extraction of maxillary premolars and molars. Materials and Methods This randomized controlled study included 100 patients who were indicated for extraction of maxillary posterior teeth, they were randomly divided into two groups; a study group that received infiltration of buffered 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with 1:80,000 epinephrine LA, and a control group that received non-buffered 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with 1:80,000 epinephrine LA. The buffering was performed using the Onset® LA buffering system (Onpharma®). The outcome va

Negotiations in administrative contracts represent an important preparatory stage in which discussions and discussions between the administrative authority and the party wishing to contract with them will be held on one of the issues related to the contract to be concluded whereby the different views of the parties of the contractual relationship are brought together to exchange or achieve common interests.

The importance  of negotiations in administrative contracts and their significant and effective role in protecting state funds. The inadequacy of Iraqi legislation in the development of an integrated legal framework for this important phase, and the many problems that appear in this stage before the conclusion of the cont

Background: Tooth eruption is a more general process, however, which includes certain posteruptive tooth movements. There are two fundamental requirements for both tooth eruption to occur: (1) Require soft tissue, intervening between tooth structure and alveolar bone, which plays an important role in regulating the remodeling of adjacent tissues. (2) Require bone turnover that is temporally and spatially regulated to facilitate specific translocations of teeth through alveolar bone These amniotic stem cells are multipotent and able to differentiate into various tissues, which may be useful for human application and recently it used in many medical branches. CD34 is an endothelial marker that is extensively used in immunohistochemistry a

     The research was aimed tostudy themorphological and anatomical characteristics as well as habitatand geographical distributionof speciesPeltariaangustifolia DC., This study indicated that the plant specimens are perennial glabrous herbs, distinguished by the presence of distinct basal and cauline leaves, and simple corymb inflorescence. Flowers perianth consists of four obovate sepals, and four spathulate petals, with hexanderiaandroecium characterized by dilated filaments from the bases and gynoecium consists of obovate ovary and sessile stigma, the fruit reticulate silicula, and the seeds are ovate-elliptical with faintly reticulate configuration. As for the anatomical study, it included the study of the dimensions an

Background: Congenital defects in continuity of the intestine are morphologically divided into either stenosis or atresia and constitute one of the most common causes of neonatal intestinal obstruction. 
Patients and methods: This is a prospective study for analyzing (60)neonates with jejunoileal atresia who were managed at Children Welfare Teaching Hospital in Baghdad over a three years peroid extending from 1st January 2004 to 1st January 2007.
Results: Thirty six patients (60%) had jejunal atresia while ileal atresia was in(24) patients(40%).The most common type of jejunoileal atresia was type IIIa (38.3%) of the cases and the second was the type II (25%).The clinical presentation for jejunal atresi

This work included external morphological study of horse fly Tabanus autumnalis L. 1761, which belongs  to family Tabanidae order: Diptera. The study involved the most important taxonomic external characters of the: head, thorax, abdomen and their appendages which are: antenna, maxillary palp, wings, legs, spotting in coloring pattern of abdomen. 

Background: Major life changes are among many factors that cause emotional arousal and anxiety ,and one of these changes is surgery. emotional reactions to surgery have specific
effects on the intensity and velocity as well as the process of physical disease and on the general state of wellbeing of the patient.
Aims: This study is aimed at determining the relationship between the nature, extent and severity of preoperative anxiety and different types of surgery. 
Methods: 150 patients 84 males 68 females awaiting different types of surgery at Al-Kindy teaching hospital at the period from 1st January to 1stJuly 2008 were assessed for a clinically
detected preoperative anxiety in relation to different variab

Leukemia or cancer of the blood is the most common childhood cancer, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is the most common form of leukemia that occurs in children. It is characterized by the presence of too many immature white blood cells in the child’s blood and bone marrow, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia can occur in adults too, treatment is different for children. Children with ALL develop symptoms related to infiltration of blasts in the bone marrow, lymphoid system, and extramedullary sites, such as the central nervous system (CNS). Common constitutional indications consist of fatigue (50%), pallor (25%), fever (60%), and weight loss (26%). Infiltration of blast cells in the marrow cavity and periosteum often lead to bone

The steady state laminar mixed convection and radiation through inclined rectangular duct with an interior circular tube is investigated numerically for a thermally and hydrodynamicaly fully developed flow. The two heat transfer mechanisms of convection and radiation are treated independently and simultaneously. The governing equations which used are continuity, momentum and energy equations. These equations are normalized and solved using the Vorticity-Stream function and the Body Fitted Coordinates (B.F.C) methods. The finite difference approach with the Line Successive Over-Relaxation (LSOR) method is used to obtain all the computational results. The (B.F.C) method is used to generate the grid of the problem. A computer program (Fortr

Background: The annual incidence of stroke in children after the newborn period is approximately 2.3 per 100000. Half are ischemic, and half are non-traumaticintracerebral and subarchnoidal hemorrhages.
Objectives: To study the etiologic factors, clinical presentation andoutcome of stroke among children admitted to children welfare teaching hospital/Baghdad.
Patient and methods: A prospective study was carried out in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital;Children age ranged between 1 month -13 years and was admitted to pediatric neurology ward between 1st of November 2013 and 1st of November 2014. After carful clinical history, physical and neurological examinations, the diagnosis of brain stroke was confirmed in all patients by compu