The results of the current study showed that the thyroid gland in an adult domestic cat (Felis catus) is located in the neck area on both sides of the trachea at rings 1–5. The gland consists of two lobes (right and left), and it is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue consisting of two outer and inner layers, and a layer of fatty tissue overlaps with the outer layer of the capsule. In addition, the results of this study found that the histological structure of the thyroid gland is composed of several follicles that appear in different sizes and shapes. The follicles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelial tissue and sometimes appear lined with high and low simple cuboidal epithelial tissue. The gland is histologically c

The results of the current study showed that the thyroid gland in an adult domestic cat (Felis catus) is located in the neck area on both sides of the trachea at rings 1–5. The gland consists of two lobes (right and left), and it is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue consisting of two outer and inner layers, and a layer of fatty tissue overlaps with the outer layer of the capsule. In addition, the results of this study found that the histological structure of the thyroid gland is composed of several follicles that appear in different sizes and shapes. The follicles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelial tissue and sometimes appear lined with high and low simple cuboidal epithelial tissue. The gland is histological

     Labile plasma iron and tissue iron overload are major complications of thalassemia disease that increase mortality rate. The iron that is exceeding the capacity of transferrin and ferritin is the leading cause of cell oxidation of many organs such as liver, heart, endocrine systems, etc. This study is designed to investigate the status of liver, thyroid gland and the growth hormone in beta thalassemia patients. In a cross-sectional study, 65 samples of beta thalassemia major were taken who were on a regular chelation therapy and blood transfusion and were to be compared with reference values. The results of the study estimated that 98.46% of the cases had high serum ferritin level, 12.3% high ALT, 27.7% high AST, 86.15% high ALP

Background: the incidencies of clinically palpable thyroide nodules are 4% to 7% 

Background: TIDM is known to be polygenic disease that appears from the interaction of mutation in multiple genes including HLA. The autoimmune mediated destruction of
pancreatic β-cells is reflected by the presence of autoantibodies against prominent antigens in the pancreatic β-cells.
Objective: This study was designed to investigate the role of HLA-class I and class II antigens in the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and also assessment of
glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) autoantibodies in the patients at the onset of the disease.
Patients & Methods: Sixty T1DM patients who were newly onset of the disease (diagnosed less than five months) were selected. Eighty apparently healthy

Background:   Achalasia is an uncommon but not a rare a malady.  In Iraq, we lack true statistics about this condition.

Objective:  is to review the experience with trans-thoracic modified Heller operation for achalasia cardia in a major thoracic surgical centre in Iraq over a 4-year period.

Study design: a combined retrospective and prospective study.

Setting: Department of Thoracic Surgery in Baghdad Medical City/Baghdad/Iraq. 

Methods: This study is both retrospective (20 cases) and prospective (20 cases); the information is collected from either patients, case sheets or obtained directly from patients, interviews. In both situa

Cytokines play a prominent role in etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and one of these cytokines is interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The association between IL1B gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP: rs16944) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a sample of Iraqi patients was investigated. Fifty-one RA patients (21 males and 30 females) were enrolled and their age range was 20 - 63 years (44.9 ± 1.5 years). In addition to patients, 45 apparently healthy control subjects were also enrolled in the study. They matched patients for ethnicity (Iraqis), gender (14 males and 31 females) and age (41.3 ± 1.3 years). Analysis of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in RA patients and controls revealed that the IL1B ge

Background: Hypocalcaemia is a well-recognized complication of thyroid surgery. It is the most often transient event that occurs after extensive thyroid resection that may require calcium and/or vitamin D supplements to alleviate or prevent the symptoms.
Objective: of this study is to determine the incidence of hypocalcaemia after thyroid surgery and find out the risk factors involved regarding the patient age, gender, and muscular build, clinical diagnosis, the extent of surgery, ligation of the inferior thyroid artery, pathology report and the experience of the surgeon.
Patients and methods: This prospective study was carried out on 100 patients who underwent thyroid surgery for

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most frequent endocrinal disease commonly associated with thyroid disorders .The study is conducted at the Specialized Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes in Baghdad ,during December 2014 up to October 2015.This study was done to investigate the prevalence of anti- thyroid peroxidase (Anti-TPO) antibody in patients suffered from type 2 diabetes with thyroid disorders .The study groups included a total number of 80 subjects consisting of 60 type 2 diabetic patients divided into 20 hyperthyroidism subjects (group 1) ,20 hypothyroidism subjects (group 2), 20 euthyroidism subjects (group 3) and 20 healthy controls (group 4) . The fasting blood samples were analyzed for (T3,T4,TSH) by using Vitek Immuno d

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with broad spectrum of clinical manifestationsdepending on the immune status of the host, To analyze their possible role in the complication ofautoimmune hepatitis, we investigated (30) female patients with autoimmune hepatitis type-1 of(10-40)years and 25 healthy female of same ages(control groups). Both groups were carried outto measure the levels of EBV-CA IgM, IgG Ab, EBV-EA IgM, IgG Ab, and EBV-NA IgM, IgGAb using indirect immunoflourescent assay (IFAT).The prevalence of EBV-CA IgM, IgG Ab were(10%,20%) and EBV-EA IgM, IgG Ab were (10% and20%) respectively, while the prevalence ofEBV-NA IgG Ab was( 3.33%) and there are no prevalence of EBV-NA IgM Ab. There weresignificant differences (P