Setting-up a 3D geological model both from field and subsurface data is a typical task in geological studies involving natural resource evaluation and hazard assessment. In this study a 3D geological model for Mishrif Formation in Garraf oil field has been set-up using Petrel software. Mishrif Formation represents the most important reservoir in Garraf oil field. Four vertical oil wells (GA-4, GA-A1P, GA-3 and GA-5) and one directional well (GA-B8P) were selected in Garraf Oil Field in order to set-up structural and petrophysical (porosity and water saturation) models represented by a 3D static geological model in three dimensions. Structural model shows that Garraf oil field represents a domal structure that shows continuous growth as indicated by the structural maps at top of reservoir units. The structural closure is shifted from GA-3 well to GA-A1P well. Mishrif Formation was divided into ten zones (top Mishrif, M1, M1.2, M2, L1, L1.2, L2, L2.2, L2.3 and L2.4.). Petrophysical model (porosity and water saturation) for Mishrif Formation was set-up from values of porosity and water saturation using Sequential Gaussian Simulation algorithm. According to data analyses and the results from modeling the units (M1.2, L1 and L1.2) are considered as high quality reservoir units due to the high PHIE and low water saturation. Units (L2, L2.2, L2.3 and L2.4) are considered as poor reservoirs because of low PHIE and high water saturation, and non-reservoir units include (Top Mishrif, M1 and M2) therefore, they represent cap units. Cross sections of petrophysical model were conducted to illustrate the vertical and horizontal distribution of porosity and water saturation between wells in the field.
The restriction concept is a basic feature in the field of measure theory and has many important properties. This article introduces the notion of restriction of a non-empty class of subset of the power set on a nonempty subset of a universal set. Characterization and examples of the proposed concept are given, and several properties of restriction are investigated. Furthermore, the relation between the P*–field and the restriction of the P*–field is studied, explaining that the restriction of the P*–field is a P*–field too. In addition, it has been shown that the restriction of the P*–field is not necessarily contained in the P*–field, and the converse is true. We provide a necessary condition for the P*–field to obtain th
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This study deals with the petrology of Injana Formation (Upper Miocene) at
Zawita, Amadia and Zakho areas. The sandstone of Injana Formation is of two
typesnamely, litharenite and feldspathiclitharenite. The rock fragments of Injana
Formation are mostly sedimentary and hence the sandstones are classified as
sedarenite and more specifically chertarenite owing to the predominance of chert
rock fragments. The sandstone is mineralogicallysubmature rangingfrom
mechanically and chemically stable tounstable. The petrographic studies reveal
nearness of source area with arid to semi-arid climate. The source rocks are
sedimentary, low- to medium-grade metamorphic and basic volcanic rocks. They are
mostly supplied from th
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Stereo lithography (SLA) three-dimensional (3D) printing process is a type of additive manufacturing techniques that uses digital models from computer-aided design to automatically produce customized 3D objects. Around 30 years, it has been widely utilized in the manufacturing, design, engineering, industrial sectors and its applications in dentistry for manufacturing prosthodontics are very important. The stereo lithography technology is highly regarded because it can produce items with excellent precision especially when selecting the best process parameters. This review article offers a useful and scientific summary of SLA three-dimensional printing technology and its brief history. The specific type of 3D printers which is SLA type b
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Stereo lithography (SLA) three-dimensional (3D) printing process is a type of additive manufacturing techniques that uses digital models from computer-aided design to automatically produce customized 3D objects. Around 30 years, it has been widely utilized in the manufacturing, design, engineering, industrial sectors and its applications in dentistry for manufacturing prosthodontics are very important. The stereo lithography technology is highly regarded because it can produce items with excellent precision especially when selecting the best process parameters. This review article offers a useful and scientific summary of SLA three-dimensional printing technology and its brief history. The specific type of 3D printers which is SLA t
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The aim of this paper is to construct the (k,r)-caps in the projective 3-space PG(3,p) over Galois field GF(4). We found that the maximum complete (k,2)-cap which is called an ovaloid , exists in PG(3,4) when k = 13. Moreover the maximum (k,3)-caps, (k,4)-caps and (k,5)-caps.
Economic performance is one of the most important indicators of economic activity and with the performance of the economy progress varied sources of output and increase economic growth rates and per capita national income, and to recover the business environment and increase investment rates and rising effectiveness of the financial and monetary institutions and credit market. Which leads to increased employment rates and reducing unemployment rates and the elimination of many of the social problems and improve the average per capita income as well as improve the level of national income.
The input / output tables is a technique mathematical indicates economic performance
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Iraq is one of the Arabian area countries, which considered from the drier areas
on the earth, though it has two main rivers that pass through(Tigris and Euphrates);
it suffers the same problem as them (drought), only the rivers' nearby regions make
use of their water for (domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes(.
One of the usable solutions is to utilize the groundwater (especially in the desert
regions). Using the Remote Sensing and geographic information system is a rapid
and coast effective techniques, they provide information of large and inaccessible
area within short span for assessing, monitoring, and management of groundwater
resources. In this study, an adaptive algorithm based on Canny edge dete
Mukdadiya Formation represents one of the formations that cover a huge area of Iraq. It contains several clastic deposits, such as sandstone, siltstone, and a noticeable amount of gravels. The gravels are considered as the hallmark to differentiate between Injana and Mukdadiya formations. Therefore, the current study focused on these facies to determine the petrography, paleontology , and origin of Mukdadiya deposits. The results of SEM-EDX and XRD analyses showed two types of gravels, namely the siliceous and lime gravels. The highest percentage of gravels belonged to the sedimentary origin (limestone). The elements of Si, Ca, and Fe represented the common elements that formed the studied gravels. The pale
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There are many methods of forecasting, and these methods take data only, analyze it, make a prediction by analyzing, neglect the prior information side and do not considering the fluctuations that occur overtime. The best way to forecast oil prices that takes the fluctuations that occur overtime and is updated by entering prior information is the Bayesian structural time series (BSTS) method. Oil prices fluctuations have an important role in economic so predictions of future oil prices that are crucial for many countries whose economies depend mainly on oil, such as Iraq. Oil prices directly affect the health of the economy. Thus, it is necessary to forecast future oil price with models adapted for emerging events. In this article, we st
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