Ad hoc networks are characterized by ease of setup, low costs, and frequent use in the corporate world. They ensure safety to the user and maintain the confidentiality of the information circulated. They also allow the user to address the cases of communication failure in areas subject to destruction of communication infrastructure. The proposed protocols in the ad hoc networks often build only one path to achieve communication between the nodes, due to the restrictions of battery run out and the movement of the nodes. This connection is often subject to a failure within a certain range. Thus, multiple alternate paths in ad hoc networks use a solution to failing node communications. In addition, when looking at the situation where interference is widespread, each path is preferably somewhat distant from the others. In this paper, we present a simple processing by building multipath routing that do not overlap at the level of an ad hoc network zone, which is achieved through dividing the zone. The evaluation performed by using Network Simulator (ns-allinone-3.20) showed that the proposed ad hoc network connection is more efficient than the connection with the traditional methods of constructing multipath routings.
There are many studies dealt with handoff management in mobile communication systems and some of these studies presented handoff schemes to manage this important process in cellular network. All previous schemes used relative signal strength (RSS) measurements. In this work, a new proposed handoff scheme had been presented depending not only on the RSS measurements but also used the threshold distance and neighboring BSS power margins in order to improve the handoff management process. We submitted here a threshold RSS as a condition to make a handoff when a mobile station moves from one cell to another this at first, then we submitted also a specified margin between the current received signal and the ongoing BS's received signal must be s
... Show MoreThis work represents implementation and investigation of optical coherent communication system between two computers. A single mode optical fiber is selected as transmission medium. The data are sent via the RS-232 standard interface with a bit rate of 9.6 kbps from personal computer (PC1) by line receive to convert the data from electrical levels (-12/+12 V) into TTL level (0/5 V). The modulation of this data was accomplished by internal modulation using laser diode type (HFCT-5208M) 1310 nm wavelength. The optical D-coupler was used to combine the optical signal that come from laser source with optical signal of laser local oscillator (OTS-304XI) at 1310/1550 nm wavelength to obtain coherent (homodyne and heterodyne) detection respective
... Show MoreIn this paper we describe several different training algorithms for feed forward neural networks(FFNN). In all of these algorithms we use the gradient of the performance function, energy function, to determine how to adjust the weights such that the performance function is minimized, where the back propagation algorithm has been used to increase the speed of training. The above algorithms have a variety of different computation and thus different type of form of search direction and storage requirements, however non of the above algorithms has a global properties which suited to all problems.
The objective Effect of Internal and External Environment and its Psychological & Practical Reflection on the Political Decision-Making Process
Translation as a human endeavor has occupied the attention of nations since it bridges the gab between cultures and helps in bringing out national integration. The translation of Kurdish literature started with personal efforts in which newspapers and magazines had played a vital role in supporting translation and paved the way for promoting the publication of Kurdish products.
The bulk of the materials translated from Arabic exceeds that translated from other languages owing to the influence of religious and authoritarian factors.
The survey of the Kurdish journals was limited to the period 1898-1991 since it marked a radical and historic change represented by the birth of Kurdish journalis
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This paper concerned with study the effect of a graphite micro powder mixed in the kerosene dielectric fluid during powder mixing electric discharge machining (PMEDM) of high carbon high chromium AISI D2 steel. The type of electrode (copper and graphite), the pulse current and the pulse-on time and mixing powder in kerosene dielectric fluid are taken as the process main input parameters. The material removal rate MRR, the tool wear ratio TWR and the work piece surface roughness (SR) are taken as output parameters to measure the process performance. The experiments are planned using response surface methodology (RSM) design procedure. Empirical models are developed for MRR, TWR and SR, using the analysis
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