During the Maastrichtian, the rudists and benthic foraminifera of Aqra Formation underwent two major radiations, the first beginning in early Early Maastrichtian and peaking in the late Early Maastrichtian, and sconed extending from the early Late Maastrichtian to a late Late Maastrichtian peak.The radiations were punctuated and separated by prominent extinction episodes, fit with global Maastrichtian mass extinction.The high level of rudist, endemism [90%] allows definition of true regional origination and extinction pattern; these may represent global pattern for rudists. Radiation and extinction patterns in the northern Iraq [Kurdistan Region] can be variously related to relative sea level fluctuation and the rate of food and clastic sediments supply.The two Maastrichtian extinctions of Aqra Formation is true extinctions in that they occur during low or zero origination rates among rudists.
Radiations and Extinctions of Maastrichtian Rudist bivalve and Benthic Foraminifera of Aqra Formation Kurdistan Region Northern Iraq
Rudist
Extinction
Radiation
Maastrichtian
Aqra
Kurdistan
Iraq.
Publication Date
Fri Jan 20 2023
Journal Name
Ibn Al-haitham Journal For Pure And Applied Sciences
Using the Size Strain Plot Method to Specity Lattice Parameters
Department of Phesics
College of Education for Pure Sciences
Ibn Al - Haitham
University of Baghdad
Baghdad
Iraq
X-ray diffractometers deliver the best quality diffraction data while being easy to use and adaptable to various applications. When X-ray photons strike electrons in materials, the incident photons scatter in a direction different from the incident beam; if the scattered beams do not change in wavelength, this is known as elastic scattering, which causes amplitude and intensity diffraction, leading to constructive interference. When the incident beam gives some of its energy to the electrons, the scattered beam's wavelength differs from the incident beam's wavelength, causing inelastic scattering, which leads to destructive interference and zero-intensity diffraction. In this study, The modified size-strain plot method was used to examin
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