A novel robust finite time disturbance observer (RFTDO) based on an independent output-finite time composite control (FTCC) scheme is proposed for an air conditioning-system temperature and humidity regulation. The variable air volume (VAV) of the system is represented by two first-order mathematical models for the temperature and humidity dynamics. In the temperature loop dynamics, a RFTDO temperature (RFTDO-T) and an FTCC temperature (FTCC-T) are designed to estimate and reject the lumped disturbances of the temperature subsystem. In the humidity loop, a robust output of the FTCC humidity (FTCC-H) and RFTDO humidity (RFTDO-H) are also designed to estimate and reject the lumped disturbances of the humidity subsystem. Based on Lyapunov theo

       In this work, a pollution-sensitive Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology is designed and implemented for sensing refractive indices and concentrations of polluted  water . The overall construction of the sensor is achieved by splicing short lengths of PCF (ESM-12) solid core on one side with traditional multimode fiber (MMF) and depositing a gold nanofilm of 50nm thickness on the end of the PCF sensor. The PCF- SPR experiment was carried out with various samples of polluted water including(distilled water, draining water, dirty pond water, chemical water, salty  water and oiled water). The location of the resonant wavelength peaks is seen to move to longer wavelengths (red shift)

In this work, a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) sensor based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology was proposed. A thin layer of gold (Au) was deposited on a D-shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF), which was coated with plasmonic chemically stable gold material with a thickness of 40nm. The performance parameters like sensitivity including wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity and resolution were evaluated by simulation using COMSOL software. The proposed sensor was created by using the finite element approach, it is numerically examined. The results show that the surface of D-shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber coated with Au behaves as a sensor to detect the refractive index (IR) of toxic metal ions. The impacts of the str