The aim of this paper is to introduce and study a new kind of graphs associated to an ideal of a commutative ring. Let ℛ be a commutative ring with identity, and I(ℛ) be the set of all non-trivial ideals of ℛ with S I(ℛ). The sum ideal graph associated to S, denoted by Ψ(ℛ, S), is the undirected graph with vertex set {A I(ℛ): S⊂A+B, for some B I(ℛ)} where two ideal vertices A and B are adjacent if and only if A B and S⊂A+B. In this paper we establish some of characterizations and results of this kind of graph with providing some examples.
It is noted in the title that the paper studies the viewpoint in the novel The Dog and the Long Night by the Iranian novelist Shahranoush Parsi Pour and in the novel Alibaba's Sad Night by the Iraqi novelist Abdulkhaliq Ar-Rikabi. Both are well known novelists, and about whose stories and novels many critical books, MA theses, and Ph.D. dissertations have been written. Also, some of their literary works have won prizes. Here, the researcher shed light on the concept of viewpoint, its types, and its importance in novels in general. This was done along with tackling the two viewpoints in both novels, where similarities and differences were identified. For this end, the researcher has adopted the analytic-descriptive appro
... Show MoreIn this article four samples of HgBa2Ca2Cu2.4Ag0.6O8+δ were prepared and irradiated with different doses of gamma radiation 6, 8 and 10 Mrad. The effects of gamma irradiation on structure of HgBa2Ca2Cu2.4Ag0.6O8+δ samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction. It was concluded that there effect on structure by gamma irradiation. Scherrer, crystallization, and Williamson equations were applied based on the X-ray diffraction diagram and for all gamma doses, to calculate crystal size, strain, and degree of crystallinity. I
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