A study is made about the size and dynamic activity of sunspot using automatically detecting Matlab code ''mySS .m'' written for this purpose which mainly finds a good estimate about Sunspot diameter (in km). Theory of  the Sunspot size has been described using  equations, where the growth and decay phases and the area of Sunspot could be calculated. Two types of images, namely H-alpha and HMI magnetograms, have been implemented. The results are divided into four main parts. The first part is sunspot size automatic detection by the Matlab program. The second part is numerical calculations of Sunspot growth and decay phases. The third part is the calculation of  Sunspot area. The final part is to explain the Sunspot activit

This paper presents L₁-adaptive controller for controlling uncertain parameters and time-varying unknown parameters to control the position of a DC servomotor. For the purpose of comparison, the effectiveness of L₁-adaptive controller for position control of studied servomotor has been examined and compared with another adaptive controller; Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC). Robustness of both L₁-adaptive controller and model reference adaptive controller to different input reference signals and different structures of uncertainty were studied. Three different types of input signals are taken into account; ramp, step and sinusoidal. The L₁-adaptive controller ensured uniformly bounded

Aerial Robot Arms (ARAs) enable aerial drones to interact and influence objects in various environments. Traditional ARA controllers need the availability of a high-precision model to avoid high control chattering. Furthermore, in practical applications of aerial object manipulation, the payloads that ARAs can handle vary, depending on the nature of the task. The high uncertainties due to modeling errors and an unknown payload are inversely proportional to the stability of ARAs. To address the issue of stability, a new adaptive robust controller, based on the Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network, is proposed. A three-tier approach is also followed. Firstly, a detailed new model for the ARA is derived using the Lagrange–d’A

     Analysis of image content is important in the classification of images, identification, retrieval, and recognition processes. The medical image datasets for content-based medical image retrieval (  are large datasets that are limited by high computational costs and poor performance. The aim of the proposed method is to enhance this image retrieval and classification by using a genetic algorithm (GA) to choose the reduced features and dimensionality. This process was created in three stages. In the first stage, two algorithms are applied to extract the important features; the first algorithm is the Contrast Enhancement method and the second is a Discrete Cosine Transform algorithm. In the next stage, we used datasets of the medi

An environmental study conducted on diatoms in Al Yusifiya river beyond its branching from Euphrates river. Four sites were selected along the river for the period from march 2013 to September 2013. The present study involved the measurement of physicochemical parameters, also the qualitative and quantities of diatoms. The studied parameters values ranged as follows: 19-44Cº and 16-30 Cº for air and water temperature respectively, 6.9-8.7, 595-1248 µS/cm, 6.4-8.0 mg/l for pH, electric conductivity and dissolved oxygen respectively. A total of 74 taxa were recorded for diatoms, where the pinnate diatom was the predominant and recorded 64 taxa while 10 taxa for centric diatoms. The total number of diatoms was 1197.55*104 cell /l. The tota

The petroleum sector has a significant influence on the development of multiphase detection sensor techniques; to separate the crude oil from water, the crude oil tank is used. In this paper, a measuring system using a simple and low cost two parallel plate capacitance sensor is designed and implemented based on a Micro controlled embedded system plus PC to automatically identify the (gas/oil) and (oil/water) dynamic multi-interface in the crude oil tank. The Permittivity differences of two-phase liquids are used to determine the interface of them by measuring the relative changes of the sensor’s capacitance when passes through the liquid’s interface. The experiment results to determine the liquid’s interface is sa

The study area is located in Kirkuk governorate - northern Iraq, It covers an area of 630 km2.Twenty eight groundwater samples were collected from the study area during October 2012. pH, electrical conductivity(EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) and chemical analysis of major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl, SO42 and HCO3) were determined. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium percent (Na%) and electrical conductivity were used to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose. The groundwater samples mostly have no harmful effects and no hazard in terms of SAR and RSC respectively, and permissible in terms ofNa%, but they are poor, very poor and marginal as irrigation water.