The present work aims to fabricate n-i-p forward perovskite solar cell (PSC) withئ structure (FTO/ compact TiO2/ compact TiO2/ MAPbI3 Perovskite/ hole transport layer/ Au). P3HT, CuI and Spiro-OMeTAD were used as hole transport layers. A nano film of 25 nm gold layer was deposited once between the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer, then between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer. The performance of the forward-perovskite solar cell was studied. Also, the role of each electron transport layer and the hole transport layer in the perovskite solar cell was presented. The structural, morphological and electrical properties were studied with X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscope and current-voltage (J-V) characteristic curves, respectively. J-V curves revealed that the deposition of the Au layer between the electron transport layer (ETL) and Perovskite layer (PSK) reduced the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3% to 0.08% when one layer of C. TiO2 is deposited in the PSC and to 0.11% with two layers of C. TiO2. Power conversion efficiency, with CuI as the hole transport layer (HTL), showed an increase from 0.5% to 2.7% when Au layer was deposited between PSK and CuI layers. Also, Isc increased from 6.8 mA to 17.4 mA and Voc from 0.3 V to 0.5V. With depositing Au layer between P3HT and PSK layers, the results showed an increase in the efficiency from 1% to 2.6% and an increase in Isc from 10.7 mA to 30.5 mA, while Voc decreased from 0.75 V to 0.5V
Muslim doctors have long spared no effort in diagnosing the various embryonic diseases that have afflicted the fetus since its early days in his mother's womb. The most important of these
العلوم السياسية بين الطرح النظري والبعد العملي
This research deals with Amicus Curiae as one of the judicial procedures widely spread in many common law countries on the one hand, and civil law countries on the other hand, as well as regional and international courts. We will seek to clarify what this procedure is, by defining it and distinguishing it from what may be suspected of judicial procedures, and then we will indicate the scope of resorting to it at the national, regional and international levels. We have supported the research with many judicial applications that used this procedure to demonstrate its importance.
جدلية العلاقة بين الديمقراطية - المواطنة والمجتمع المدني
The use of the word “war” alone raises horror and fear in the hearts of the recipients, especially if this war aimed at human’s life, his health and his future. It is the electronic advertising war among rival international companies that use cyberspace to create fear and horror in the hearts of the recipients because it connects the use of the product with human’s death or serious illness.
The problem of this research sheds light on the new uses of cyberspace which fucked by international companies to strike the interests of each other by displaying the defects of their products and its negative impact on citizen’s life. Despite the fact that those wars have opposed strongly, there are supporters for those wars. Their argu
Marriage is a sacred bond in all religions, including the Islamic law, but the early marriage in particular – as the focus of my research - is common in Islamic regions, especially for girls, and it has been approved by Islamic law in accordance with special criteria and
يمثل الكتاب كشاف لمجلة الاستاذ للعلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية والتي تصدرها الكلية وغطي الكشاف اعداد المجلة ابتداءً من العدد 50 الذي صدر في عام 2002 ولغاية العدد (104) الذي صدر 2009 . وكان عدد الابحاث المنشورة (1217 ) بحثا وكانت (985 باللغة العربية و 173 باللغة الانكليزية و 50 باللغة الكردية 9 باللغة الاخرى ) .
لقد اعتبر انسان وادي الرافدين قديماً، الكون عبارة عن دولة كونية، وكل مافيه - اي الكون كان يعد عبارة عن ذوات فردية، فكل حي وجماد وفكرة مجردة وكل حجر وكل شجرة وكل خاطر يتمتع بارادة ذاتية وشخصية خاصة، لقد تمثل الكون في ذهن الانسان بهيئة واحدة الا وهي نظام من الارادات فالكون ككل منسق انما هو مجتمع، أو دولة فكانت هذه الدولة الكونية تضم إلى جانب الشخصيات الفعالة في هيئة الحكم اعضاء لم يكن لهم نفوذ في السياسة ولا دور ل
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