In this work, (CdO)1-x (CoO)x thin films were prepared on glass slides by laser-induced plasma using Nd:YAG laser with (λ=1064 nm) and duration (9 ns) at different laser energies (200-500 mJ) with ratio (x=0.5), The influence of laser energy on structural and optical properties has been studied. XRD patterns show the films have a structure of polycrystalline wurtzite. As for AFM tests results for the topography of the surface of the film, where the results showed that the grain size and the average roughness increase with increasing laser energy. The optical properties of all films were also studied and the results showed that the absorption coefficient for within the wavelength range (280-1100 nm), The value of the optical power gap for direct transitions was shown to be reduced by increasing laser energy within the range (4.29-3.7 eV).
In this article, a new efficient approach is presented to solve a type of partial differential equations, such (2+1)-dimensional differential equations non-linear, and nonhomogeneous. The procedure of the new approach is suggested to solve important types of differential equations and get accurate analytic solutions i.e., exact solutions. The effectiveness of the suggested approach based on its properties compared with other approaches has been used to solve this type of differential equations such as the Adomain decomposition method, homotopy perturbation method, homotopy analysis method, and variation iteration method. The advantage of the present method has been illustrated by some examples.
In this paper we proposes the philosophy of the Darwinian selection as synthesis method called Genetic algorithm ( GA ), and include new merit function with simple form then its uses in other works for designing one of the kinds of multilayer optical filters called high reflection mirror. Here we intend to investigate solutions for many practical problems. This work appears designed high reflection mirror that have good performance with reduction the number of layers, which can enable one to controlling the errors effect of the thickness layers on the final product, where in this work we can yield such a solution in a very shorter time by controlling the length of the chromosome and optimal genetic operators . Res
... Show MoreLet R be a commutative ring with unity and an R-submodule N is called semimaximal if and only if
the sufficient conditions of F-submodules to be semimaximal .Also the concepts of (simple , semisimple) F- submodules and quotient F- modules are introduced and given some properties .
The most likely fusion reaction to be practical is Deuterium and Helium-3 (ð·âˆ’ð»ð‘’
3 ), which is highly desirable because both Helium -3 and Deuterium are stable and the reaction produces a 14 ð‘€ð‘’𑉠proton instead of a neutron and the proton can be shielded by magnetic fields. The strongly dependency of the basically hot plasma parameters such as reactivity, reaction rate, and energy for the emitted protons, upon the total cross section, make the problems for choosing the desirable formula for the cross section, the main goal for our present work.