Antibiotics are essential for treating infectious diseases, but their overuse and adverse effects are raising concerns about global public health. The pervasiveness of antibiotic contamination in aquatic environments has drawn increased attention in recent years. The primary concern regarding the release of antibiotics into the environment is the potential for microorganisms to become resistant to antibiotics. This review article summarizes the analytical methods used to determine the presence of trimethoprim and metronidazole in various environmental samples. These antibiotics have traditionally been analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry or high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry; fluorescence or ultrav

The performance of a condenser in a domestic refrigerator system without wires and a condenser with a novel design consisted of number of loops as elliptical shape is investigated experimentally in this work. The experiment was conducted with a refrigerator designed to work with HFC134a, under no load and with loads of (1.5,3 and 12 liters of water). In particular, the effects of shape change of the condenser were very important in heat transfer enhancement and reduce of the frictional loss as a result of reducing the pressure drop in the condenser. The results shown that compressor work decreases with elliptical condenser about (8.6% to 11.3%), and then the power consumption decreases also. The performance of household refrigerator with

In this paper, some estimators for the reliability function R(t) of Basic Gompertz (BG) distribution have been obtained, such as Maximum likelihood estimator, and Bayesian estimators under General Entropy loss function by assuming non-informative prior by using Jefferys prior and informative prior represented by Gamma and inverted Levy priors. Monte-Carlo simulation is conducted to compare the performance of all estimates of the R(t), based on integrated mean squared.

     In this study, the comets have distributions regarding their heliocentric distances where they appear in two regions, Kuiper belt (short period) and Oort cloud (long period). Details here give new information about the entire regions of these comets; the research shows that 54% of comets are nearby asteroid belt, but only 11% are in Kuiper belts and 35 % are from Oort cloud. The research focuses on comets with a nucleus's radius larger than 1 km.  The comets with a nuclear radius of 1-10 km have high percentage 51%.

         From the results, the maximum comets' radius is found in comet 29P/Schwassmann -Wachmann as roughly 87 km, and also in comet C/2018 N2 (ASASSN) which has radius 88 km. All comets, that have b

Mersing is one of the places that have the potential for wind power development in Malaysia. Researchers often suggest it as an ideal place for generating electricity from wind power. However, before a location is chosen, several factors need to be considered. By analyzing the location ahead of time, resource waste can be avoided and maximum profitability to various parties can be realized. For this study, the focus is to identify the distribution of the wind speed of Mersing and to determine the optimal average of wind speed. This study is critical because the wind speed data for any region has its distribution. It changes daily and by season. Moreover, no determination has been made regarding selecting the average wind speed used for w

Transforming the common normal distribution through the generated Kummer Beta model to the Kummer Beta Generalized Normal Distribution (KBGND) had been achieved. Then, estimating the distribution parameters and hazard function using the MLE method, and improving these estimations by employing the genetic algorithm. Simulation is used by assuming a number of models and different sample sizes. The main finding was that the common maximum likelihood (MLE) method is the best in estimating the parameters of the Kummer Beta Generalized Normal Distribution (KBGND) compared to the common maximum likelihood according to Mean Squares Error (MSE) and Mean squares Error Integral (IMSE) criteria in estimating the hazard function. While the pr

The monitoring of lotic ecosystems is important for environmental health after war crisis. This study aimed to detect the fate of the sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAHs) as priority pollutants in the water and sediment of Al-Hussainya River in Karbala Province. The results indicated that the concentrations in water samples ranged from 0.24–58.72 ηg.L^-1 for each of the benzo(a) pyrene and benzo(g, h, i)perylene. The concentrations in sediment samples have been observed to be in a range of 0.36–119.06 μg.g^-1 for naphthalene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. Benzo(g,h,i)perylene recorded the highest concentrations in each of water and sediment samples as compared with the other compound

In this research the active volume for a number of solid-state detectors of the type of high-purity germanium (HPGe) crystal was evaluated with different radii and depths using scanning method for diagonal (front) and lateral (side). It has been used for this purpose Monte-Carlo efficiency program after its development by adding a subroutine-program for its (subroutine scanning).Also a program has been written to calculate the stopping power and range for incident charged particle on the detector, in order to determine the exact sufficient energy to stop it inside the detector material. The calculations of our results of efficiency were compared with the results of published efficiency and the comparison is very good in terms of improvin

     In this study, lateral groundwater inflow was examined, according to the phenomena of groundwater mixing, groundwater flow and groundwater chemistry. The study region is composed of different aquifer systems; including karst-fracture media (Rattga-Jeed carbonates aquifer), fissure–porous media (Mullusi, Mullusi-Ubaid, Hartha-Rutba, and Digma-Tayarat aquifers) and porous media (Permo-carboniferous clastics rocks of Ga’ra aquifer).The aquifers are vertically super-imposed or of lateral contacts make open hydraulic connection between aquifers system. There is a severe shortage of water resources in the region because of rare precipitation and strong evapotranspiration. These conditions have hampered eco-environm