Photoacoustic is a unique imaging method that combines the absorption contrast of light or radio frequency waves with ultrasound resolution. When the deposition of this energy is sufficiently short, a thermo-elastic expansion takes place whereby acoustic waves are generated. These waves can be recorded and stored to construct an image. This work presents experimental procedure of laser photoacoustic two dimensional imaging to detect tumor embedded within normal tissue. The experimental work is accomplished using phantoms that are sandwiched from fish heart or blood sac (simulating a tumor) 1-14mm mean diameter embedded within chicken breast to simulate a real tissue. Nd: YAG laser of 1.064μm and 532nm wavelengths, 10ns pulse duration, 445mJ pulse energy has been used to induce the acoustic wave signal in these targets. The acoustic signal is then filtered and analyzed to construct the target image. The analysis of experimental data and image construction has been accomplished using matlab software. The measurement analysis showed reasonable agreement between the estimated object dimension and the actual object size. The error in fish heart object dimension ranged from -14% to +9%, and the maximum error in Blood sac object dimension was -55%. The object dimensional error increased to -92% when the laser spot was magnified from 2mm to 45mm (to cover the phantom area) as the energy density decreases significantly.
An analytical form of the ground state charge density distributions
for the low mass fp shell nuclei ( 40 A 56 ) is derived from a
simple method based on the use of the single particle wave functions
of the harmonic oscillator potential and the occupation numbers of
the states, which are determined from the comparison between theory
and experiment.
For investigating the inelastic longitudinal electron scattering form
factors, an expression for the transition charge density is studied
where the deformation in nuclear collective modes is taken into
consideration besides the shell model space transition density. The
core polarization transition density is evaluated by adopting the
shape of Tass
The subject of this research involves studying adsorption to remove hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Adsorption process on bentonite clay as adsorbent was used in the Cr(VI) concentration range (10-100) ppm at different temperatures (298, 303, 308 and 313)K, for different periods of time. The adsorption isotherms were obtained by obeying Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm with R2 (0.9921-0.9060) and (0.994-0.9998), respectively. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated by using the adsorption process at four different temperatures the values of ?H, ?G and ?S was [(+6.582 ? +6.547) kJ.mol-1, (-284.560 ? -343.070) kJ.mol-1 and (+0.977 ? +1.117) kJ.K-1.mol-1] respectively. This data indicates the spontaneous sorp
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Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to study the thermal cracking for acenaphthylene molecule to estimate the bond energies for breaking C8b-C5a , C5a-C5 , C5-C4 , and C5-H5 bonds as well as the activation energies. It was found that for C8b-C5a , C5-C4 , and C5-H5 reactions it is often possible to identify one pathway for bond breakage through the singlet or triplet states. The atomic charges , dipole moment and nuclear – nuclear repulsion energy supported the breakage bond .Also, it was found that the activation energy value for C5-H5 bond breakage is lower than that required for C8b-C5a , C5a-C5 , C5-C4 bonds which refer to C5-H5 bond in acenaphthylene molecule are weaker than C8b-C5a , C5a-C5 , C5-C
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This paper presents the thermophysical properties of zinc oxide nanofluid that have been measured for experimental investigation. The main contribution of this study is to define the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids. The measuring of these properties was carried out within a range of temperatures from 25 °C to 45 °C, volume fraction from 1 to 2 %, and the average nanoparticle diameter size is 25 nm, and the base fluid is water. The thermophysical properties, including viscosity and thermal conductivity, were measured by using Brookfield rotational Viscometer and Thermal Properties Analyzer, respectively. The result indicates that the thermophysical properties of zinc oxide nanofluid increasing with nanoparticle volume f
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In this paper, a method for hiding cipher text in an image file is introduced . The
proposed method is to hide the cipher text message in the frequency domain of the image.
This method contained two phases: the first is embedding phase and the second is extraction
phase. In the embedding phase the image is transformed from time domain to frequency
domain using discrete wavelet decomposition technique (Haar). The text message encrypted
using RSA algorithm; then Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm used to hide secret message
in high frequency. The proposed method is tested in different images and showed success in
hiding information according to the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) measure of the the
original ima
Background: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebrovascular disease characterized by bilateral stenosis starting at the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA), with the development of a collateral network of vessels. It is an established cause of stroke in the pediatric age group. Despite its increasing prevalence in various parts of the world, it remains largely underrecognized in the Middle East, particularly in Iraq. This is the first case of MMD in an Iraqi patient undergoing surgery. Case description: A 12-year-old boy presents with a 3-months history of progressive behavioural changes. MRI revealed diffuse infarcts of different ages. MRA and CT angiography revealed extensive asymmetrical steno-occlusive changes of t
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