Laser etching may be an alternative to acid etching of enamel and dentin. Several characteristics of irradiated dental hard tissues have been considered advantageous, microscopically rough surfaces without demineralization, open dentinal tubules without smear layer production and dentin surface sterilization. The aim of this study is to determine and compare histology the microleakage in class V cavity restored with a light cured composite after conditioning the samples(tooth surface) with 1-acid etching, 2-Q-switched Nd:YAG Laser etching and finally 3- acid and laser etching. Materials and methods: Twenty four non carious human extracted teeth were used in this study. The samples were equally grouped into four groups of six teeth each. A class V cavity was prepared. In group I, tooth surface was etched with a 37% phosphoric acid gel. In group II, the tooth surface was conditioned using a pulsed Nd:YAG Laser alone with a wavelength of 532 nm. The parameters were of pulse energy 60 mJ, pulse repetition rate 6Hz and energy density was 0.48 J/cm2. In group III, the tooth surface was treated with Nd: YAG Laser and then was etched with phosphoric acid. In group IV, the surface was treated with 37% phosphoric acid then irradiated with Nd: YAG Laser; with the same parameters and concentration mentioned in group I and II. The samples immersed in 1% basic fuschin dye to mimic the normal stains in oral cavity and the sections were examined by a stereomicroscope and the readings were scored. Results: The results showed that group IV, in which the surface was treated with 37% phosphoric acid and then irradiated with Nd: YAG Laser) recorded the least microleakage of the four groups, where group III, in which the tooth surface was treated with Nd: YAG Laser and then was etched with phosphoric acid)recorded reasonable results better than group I (group I tooth surface was etched with a 37% phosphoric acid gel) or group II , in which the tooth surface was conditioned using a pulsed Nd:YAG Laser alone) Conclusion: The use of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in etching the tooth surface was so effective that it can be used in treating or conditioning the tooth surface to enhance bonding and the best parameters among the tested samples were pulse energy of 60mJ, pulse repetition rate of 6Hz and energy density 0.48 J/cm2.
The research deals with the lyrical introduction in the commentary of Tarfa bin al-Abd as a formative system characterized by flexibility and richness of imagination, which achieved a formative treatment and a unique construction within the structures of the structural and semantic language. I dealt with the poetic verses represented by the lyrical introduction as a formative hypothesis, basing its goal on a methodological framework distributed on the problem that was summarized by the following question: Is it possible to look at the poetic pattern within the pre-Islamic poem / hanging blinking as a model, in its plastic dimensions and to identify the stylistic treatment that achieves the formation space within the poetic text. The rese
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سعى البحث الحالي الى التعرف على بعض الاضطرابات السلوكية والانفعالية وعلاقتها بالاستعمال المفرط للالعاب الالكترونية لدى تلاميذ المرحلة الابتدائية, إذ يواجه التلاميذ مشكلات سلوكية عديدة ،تظهر من خلال تعاملهم مع اقرانهم في البيت او في المدرسة والتي قد تتطور عند بعضهم وتتحول الى اضطرابات نفسية،مما يؤدي بهم الى ضعف التعلم وسوء التوافق في حياتهم المدرسية ويصبحون عُرضة للا صابة بالامراض النفسية ،إذا لم يتم تشخ
... Show More The current research is interested in the objective study of revitalizing the religious sites and the extent to which they achieve the pragmatic and semantic ends, because they are derived from history and civilization and have a clear impact over the recipient. The research question is (what are the techniques of developing the spaces of the religious shrines in accordance with revitalizing the interior spaces within them?).
The research aims at determining the weak and strong points in the process of revitalizing the interior spaces in the religious shrines.
The theoretical framework consists of two parts: the first addressed the revitalization in the interior design, and the second addressed the religious shrines and th
تهدف الورقة البحثية الى اعداد مشروع لصناعة مكتبة رقمية للطالب في قسم علوم القران الكريم والتربية االسالمية في كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم االنسانية / جامعة بغداد ، اعدت الباحثة استمارة نموذج كوكل تضمنت مجموعة من االسئلة الغرض منها تحديد المؤلفات االساسية التي يحتاجها طالب العلوم االسالمية في دراساته وابحاثه ،واعتمدت الباحثة على المنهج الوصفي اسلوب المسح لجمع البيانات ، ووزعت االستمارة عبر الصفوف االلكترو
... Show MoreIslamic Culture face many challenges Such as، Secularism، westrenism، globalism and Colonialism under current attempts For western States and united states of America to dominate on world and Confront all her Opponent Polaris it be clear when U. S. A. Occupied Afghanistan and Iraq and Threatened many Arabic and Islamic States
In this article, the partially ordered relation is constructed in geodesic spaces by betweeness property, A monotone sequence is generated in the domain of monotone inward mapping, a monotone inward contraction mapping is a monotone Caristi inward mapping is proved, the general fixed points for such mapping is discussed and A mutlivalued version of these results is also introduced.
The research aims to identify the definitional framework for accounting violations and audit procedures in accordance with international auditing standards, preparing a proposed audit program to audit violations resulting from the transition to the unified accounting system in the research sample according to the relevant international auditing standards, as the proposed audit program was prepared according to International auditing standards in order to improve the auditor’s procedures in detecting accounting violations when auditing the financial statements of municipal departments. The research concluded the most important recommendations: The necessity of adopting the audit program proposed by the researcher, for the purpose of act
... Show Moreتفضيل السيولة - تضخم جانب الطلب - الاستقرار النقدي - معدل التضخم