Abstract: Background: Staphylococcus aureus is Gram-positive bacteria that lives as a normal flora in living organisms but can be pathogenic to humans. Although a relatively unspectacular, nonmotile coccoid bacterium, S. aureus is a dangerous human pathogen in both community-acquired and nosocomial infections. Due to the increasing emergence of new strains of this antibiotic-resistant bacteria, it has become essential to approach different methods to control this pathogen. One of these methods is the antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation process using a low-level laser, in this paper, the Photodynamic effects of Rose Bengal and LLLL on the virulence factors of S.aureus were evaluated. The aim of the study The present study aims to evaluate the Photodynamic effects on S. aureus using laser irradiation and Rose Bengal as an external photosensitizer. Methods: sixty samples from sputum were taken. Then ten isolated from these samples were chosen to be under the study, where RB was used at a concentatin of 100 μg/ml that is activated by diode laser (532 nm) with power density of 1 W/m2and exposure time (1, 2& 3) minute. Results: show that there is no effect on the inhibition of virulence factors except at the last minute, that is, the virulence factors decrease at the third minute only in the absence of a photosensitizer agent, while there is a direct effect of activated Rose Bengal on S. aureus isolated from the sputum of Iraqi patients with pneumonia, where all times of exposure of (RB + 532 nm) were effect on the virulence factors by inhibiting it. Conclusions: show that the diode laser of 532 nm has no effect on the virulence factor of S. aureus isolated from sputum except at the third minute, while RB activated by diode laser (532 nm) have an effective action on all virulence factors of S. aureus isolated from sputum at all times of exposure, accordingly, it was concluded that when using a laser diode alone, the bacterial viability decreases at the third minute only, While when using Rose Bengal activated by a diode laser, the viability of bacteria is reduced at all times of exposure.
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The presented work shows a preliminary analytic method for estimation of load and pressure distributions on low speed wings with flow separation and wake rollup phenomena’s. A higher order vortex panel method is coupled with the numerical lifting line theory by means of iterative procedure including models of separation and wake rollup. The computer programs are written in FORTRAN which are stable and efficient.
The capability of the present method is investigated through a number of test cases with different types of wing sections (NACA 0012 and GA(W)-1) for different aspect ratios and angles of attack, the results include the lift and drag curves, lift and pressure distributions along the wing s
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Viscosity (η) of solutions of 1-butanol, sec-butanol, isobutanol and tert-butanol were investigated in aqueous solution structures of ranged composition from 0.55 to 1 mol.dm-3 at 298.15 K. The data of (η/η˳) were evaluated based on reduced Jone - Dole equation; η/η˳ =BC+1. In the term of B value, the consequences based on solute-solvent interaction in aqueous solutions of alcohols were deliberated. The outcomes of this paper discloses that alcohols act as structure producers in the water. Additionally, it has shown that solute-solvent with interacting activity of identical magnitude is in water-alcohol system
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In the present work, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique was applied to a pellet of Chromium Oxide (99.999% pure) with 2.5 cm diameter and 3 mm thickness at a pressure of 5 Tons using a Hydraulic piston. The films were deposited using Nd: YAG laser λ= (4664) nm at 600 mJ and 400 number of shot on a glass substrate, The thickness of the film was (107 nm). Structural and morphological analysis showed that the films started to crystallize at annealing temperature greater than 400 oC. Absorbance and transmittance spectra were recorded in the wavelength range (300-
4400) nm before and after annealing. The effects of annealing temperature on absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of d
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