Image pattern classification is considered a significant step for image and video processing. Although various image pattern algorithms have been proposed so far that achieved adequate classification, achieving higher accuracy while reducing the computation time remains challenging to date. A robust image pattern classification method is essential to obtain the desired accuracy. This method can be accurately classify image blocks into plain, edge, and texture (PET) using an efficient feature extraction mechanism. Moreover, to date, most of the existing studies are focused on evaluating their methods based on specific orthogonal moments, which limits the understanding of their potential application to various Discrete Orthogonal Moments (DOM

     NS-2 is a tool to simulate networks and events that occur per packet sequentially based on time and are widely used in the research field. NS-2 comes with NAM (Network Animator) that produces a visual representation it also supports several simulation protocols. The network can be tested end-to-end. This test includes data transmission, delay, jitter, packet-loss ratio and throughput. The Performance Analysis simulates a virtual network and tests for transport layer protocols at the same time with variable data and analyzes simulation results based on the network simulator NS-2.

      Recognizing facial expressions and emotions is a basic skill that is learned at an early age and it is important for human social interaction. Facial expressions are one of the most powerful natural and immediate means that humans use to express their feelings and intentions. Therefore, automatic emotion recognition based on facial expressions become an interesting area in research, which had been introduced and applied in many areas such as security, safety health, and human machine interface (HMI). Facial expression recognition transition from controlled environmental conditions and their improvement and succession of recent deep learning approaches from different areas made facial expression representation mostly based on u

There has been a great deal of research into the considerable challenge of managing of traffic at road junctions; its application to vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has proved to be of great interest in the developed world. Dynamic topology is one of the vital challenges facing VANET; as a result, routing of packets to their destination successfully and efficiently is a non-simplistic undertaking. This paper presents a MDORA, an efficient and uncomplicated algorithm enabling intelligent wireless vehicular communications. MDORA is a robust routing algorithm that facilitates reliable routing through communication between vehicles. As a position-based routing technique, the MDORA algorithm, vehicles' precise locations are used to establish th

     Various document types play an influential role in a lot of our lives activities today; hence preserving their integrity is an important matter. Such documents have various forms, including texts, videos, sounds, and images.  The latter types' authentication will be our concern here in this paper. Images can be handled spatially by doing the proper modification directly on their pixel values or spectrally through conducting some adjustments to some of the addressed coefficients. Due to spectral (frequency) domain flexibility in handling data, the domain coefficients are utilized for the watermark embedding purpose. The integer wavelet transform (IWT), which is a wavelet transform based on the lifting scheme,

Optical fiber biomedical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance for measuring and sensing the concentration and the refractive index of sugar in blood serum is designed and implemented during this work. Performance properties such as signal to noise ratio (SNR), sensitivity, resolution and the figure of merit were evaluated for the fabricated sensor. It was found that the sensitivity of the optical fiber-based SPR sensor with 40 nm thick and 10 mm long Au metal film of the exposed sensing region is 7.5µm/RIU, SNR is 0.697, figure of merit is 87.2 and resolution is 0.00026. The sort of optical fiber utilized in this work is plastic optical fiber with a core diameter of 980 µm, a cladding of 20μm, and a numerical aperture of 0.

It is known that images differ from texts in many aspects, such as high repetition and correlation, local structure, capacitance characteristics and frequency. As a result, traditional encryption methods can not be applied to images. In this paper we present a method for designing a simple and efficient messy system using a difference in the output sequence. To meet the requirements of image encryption, we create a new coding system for linear and nonlinear structures based on the generation of a new key based on chaotic maps.

The design uses a kind of chaotic maps including the Chebyshev 1D map, depending on the parameters, for a good random appearance. The output is a test in several measurements, including the complexity of th

A fault is an error that has effects on system behaviour. A software metric is a value that represents the degree to which software processes work properly and where faults are more probable to occur. In this research, we study the effects of removing redundancy and log transformation based on threshold values for identifying faults-prone classes of software. The study also contains a comparison of the metric values of an original dataset with those after removing redundancy and log transformation. E-learning and system dataset were taken as case studies. The fault ratio ranged from 1%-31% and 0%-10% for the original dataset and 1%-10% and 0%-4% after removing redundancy and log transformation, respectively. These results impacted direct

      Graphene (Gr) decorated with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were used to fabricate a wideband range photodetector. Silicon (Si) and porous silicon (PS) were used as a substrate to deposit Gr /Ag NPs by drop-casting technique. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were prepared using the chemical method. As well as the dispersion of silver NPs is achieved by a simple chemistry process on the surface of Gr.

    The optical, structure and electrical characteristics of AgNPs and Gr decorated with Ag NPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), x-ray diffraction (XRD).  The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of Ag NPs exhibited 2θ values (38.1^o, 44.3 ^o, 64.5 ^o and 77.7

      Recently, digital communication has become a critical necessity and so the Internet has become the most used medium and most efficient for digital communication. At the same time, data transmitted through the Internet are becoming more vulnerable. Therefore, the issue of maintaining secrecy of data is very important, especially if the data is personal or confidential. Steganography has provided a reliable method for solving such problems. Steganography is an effective technique in secret communication in digital worlds where data sharing and transfer is increasing through the Internet, emails and other ways. The main challenges of steganography methods are the undetectability and the imperceptibility of con