Background: preparation of root canals is an important step in root canal treatment. Mechanical instrumentation of root canals cause an irregular layer of debris, known as the smear layer. As a result, several studies reported that preferring the removal of the smear layer. Objective: To study the influence of the energy (100 mJ) of Erbium, Chromium: Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser at short pulse duration (60 μs) on smear layer removal of apical third after using Photon induced photoacoustic streaming technique. Materials and methods: Eighteen straight single-rooted mandibular premolars were used. The roots length were uniform to 14mm from the anatomic apex and instrumented using Protaper Gold Rotary NiTi file system to size 40 taper 0.06. Er,Cr:YSGG pulsed laser (waterlase iplus Biolase, CA, USA) 2780 nm was used at short pulse duration (60 μs, 5 Hz ,air and water off) delivered by MD/iplus Glass Tips (MZ6) 600 μm in diameter, length=6 mm, calibration factor= 1.00. Ultrasonic activator ENDO1 (Guilin Woodpecker Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.china) was used with Ultrasonic activator tip ED98 (25#, 2% taper, 18.5mm) (Guilin Woodpecker Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.china). The samples were arbitrarily divided into three groups (n=6) and used as follows: (A) conventional irrigation with 5 ml of 17 % EDTA, (B) passive ultrasonic irrigation with 5 ml of 17 % EDTA, (C) Er,Cr:YSGG induced photoacoustic streaming with 5 ml of 17 % EDTA. After final irrigation with normal saline and drying, the roots were painted with nail varnish externally, and 2% methylene blue dye injected into canal until the canal filled with dye. The tooth was splitted at the fourth millimeters from root apex with a diamond disc representing the apical third. Picture was taken by Professional Digital SLR camera (Nikon D7100, Nikon Corporation, Thailand) with 40X magnification. The dye penetration was measured by using analytical software (measure picture CAD-KAS Kessler Germany). ANOVA test was used to analyse repeated measure mean between tested concentration (5.25% NaOCL, 17% EDTA) and control. Data was expressed as mean±SD. LSD (Least Significant Difference) test was used to calculate the significant differences between tested mean. Results: The mean values of the percentage of dye penetration area in two experimental groups was higher than the control group, as the follow (20.79±1.15control, 34.5453±0.45 ultrasonic group, 85.9804±2.69 Er,Cr.YSGG+17%EDTA at 0.5 W). The Percentage of dye penetration in Er,Cr:YSGG laser induced photoacoustic streaming with 17% EDTA was significantly high (P value 0.001), followed by ultrasonic activated group, while control group result in less Percentage of dye penetration than both study groups. Conclusion: In this study, we concluded that Er,Cr:YSGG pulsed laser (0.5 W,5 Hz , air and water off) at short pulse duration (60 μs) with 17% EDTA using PIPS technique for activation of irrigant in endodontic treatment give better result than ultrasonic activation in smear layer removal
The goal of this study was to investigate the protein peroxidation role by measuring serum levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) in type 2 diabetic patients with or without retinopathy and comparing them to controls to see if circulating AOPP levels can be used as a detection biomarker for DR. And see which of the two widely used antidiabetic treatment groups had the most impact on this oxidative stress marker. The groups were divided into two subgroups: 1) 70 type 2 diabetic patients (36 male, 34 female), 35 with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and 35 with no evidence of DR, and 2) non-diabetic controls (11 male, 9 female) were chosen from Ibn AL-Haitham Hospital for Ophthalmology and a Specialized Center for Endocrinology and Dia
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This study aimed at investigating the effect of using computer in
Efficiency of Training Programme of Science Teachers in Ajloun District in
Jordan.
1- What is the effect of using computer in program for the two groups
2- ( the experimental and control group ) .
3- Are there any statistics different in the effect of using computer
program for the two groups ?
4- Are there any statistics (comparison ) or different of the effect of the
effect of using computer program refer to the sex (male or female )?
The community of the study consisted of all the science student in
educational directorate of Ajloun district for the academic year 2009 –
2010, they are (120) ( male and female) . The sample of the study<
In this paper, new method have been investigated using evolving algorithms (EA's) to cryptanalysis one of the nonlinear stream cipher cryptosystems which depends on the Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) unit by using cipher text-only attack. Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) which are used for attacking one of the nonlinear cryptosystems called "shrinking generator" using different lengths of cipher text and different lengths of combined LFSRs. GA and ACO proved their good performance in finding the initial values of the combined LFSRs. This work can be considered as a warning for a stream cipher designer to avoid the weak points, which may be f
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Objective: To evaluate and compare the effect of mechanical surface treatment (groove, aluminum oxide particles)
with 45 degree bevel type of joint on tensile bond strength of acrylic specimens repaired by two curing methods
(microwave and water both).
Methodology: Eighty specimens (80) were prepared from pink heat cure acrylic resin. They were divided into two
main groups (40 specimen repaired by microwave energy and 40 specimens repaired by water bath method).Each
group can be divided into four subgroups of ten according to the surface treatment. The control group A was left
intact, group B received no surface treatment, group C and D received surface treatment by (groove, 50 m aluminum
oxide particles). Specimens
Background: Ceramic veneers represent the treatment of choice in minimally invasive esthetic dentistry; one of the critical factors in their long term success is marginal adaptation. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the marginal gap of ceramic veneers by using two different fabrication techniques and two different designs of preparation. Material and methods: A typodont maxillary central incisor used in the preparation from which metal dies were fabricated, which were in turn used to make forty stone dies. The dies divided into four experimental groups, each group had ten samples: A1: prepared with butt-joint incisal reduction and restored with IPS e.max CAD, A2: prepared with overlapped incisal reduction and restored with IPS e.
... Show MoreBackground: The marginal adaptation has a key role in the success and longevity of the fixed dental restoration, which is affected by the impression and the fabrication techniques .The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the marginal fitness of lithium disilicate crowns using two different digital impression techniques (direct and indirect techniques) and two different fabrication techniques (CAD/CAM and Press techniques). Materials and Methods: Thirty two sound upper first premolar teeth of comparable size extracted for orthodontic reason were selected in this study .Standardized preparation of all teeth samples were carried out with modified dental surveyor to receive all ceramic crown restoration with 1 mm deep
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This paper describes the use of remote sensing techniques in verification of the polluted area in Diyala River and Tigris River and the effected of AL-Rustamiyah wastewater treatment plant, which is located on Diyala River, one of the branches of Tigris River in south of Baghdad. SPOT-5 a French satellite image of Baghdad, Iraq was used with ground resolution of 2.5 m in May 2016. ENVI 5.1 software programming was utilized for Image processing to assess the water pollution of Diyala and Tigris River’s water. Five regions were selected from a study area and then classified using the unsupervised ISODATA method. The results indicated that four classes of water quality which are successful in assessing and mapping water pollution which confi
... Show MoreThe analysis and efficiency of phenol extraction from the industrial water using different solvents, were investigated. To our knowledge, the experimental information available in the literature for liquid-liquid equilibria of ternary mixtures containing the pair phenol-water is limited. Therefore the purpose of the present investigation is to generate the data for the water-phenol with different solvents to aid the correlation of liquid-liquid equilibria, including phase diagrams, distribution coefficients of phenol, tie-lines data and selectivity of the solvents for the aqueous phenol system.
The ternary equilibrium diagrams and tie-lines
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Linear and mass attenuation coefficient of reactive powder concrete (RPC) sample ( of compressive strength equal to 70 Mpa) using beta particles and gamma ray with different energies have been calculated as a function of the absorber thickness and energy. The attenuation coefficient were obtained using NaI(Tl) energy selective scintillation counter with 90Sr/90Y beta source having an energy rang from (0.546-2.274) MeV and gamma ray energies (0.569, 0.662, 1.063, 1.17 and 1.33) MeV . The attenuation coefficient usually depends upon the energy of radiations and nature of the material. The result represented in graphical forms. Exponential decay was observed. It is found that the capability of reactive powder concrete to absorber beta particle
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