Bending effects on the transmission of optical signal are investigated on a single mode
optical fiber (SMOF) of 10 m length, core radius of 5 μm and optical refractive index difference
0.003. The bending radii (R) were between 0.08 and 0.0015 m. A great decrease in the amplitude is
shown for radii below 0.01 m. Sudden break down occurs for radii less than 0.0015 m. Birefringence
(B) is difficult to measure for long fibers. Meanwhile, B was found by comparing with calibrated
fiber of the same properties but of length of 0.075 m. The results show an increase in propagation
constant (Δβ) and the decrease in beat length (Lb), and show that bending decreases the critical radius
of curvature (Rc) related to B. The changes induced on the initial phase of the signal are shown for
bending curvatures of radii 0.06, 0.03 and 0.005 m. The linear phase retardation is found to increase
more rapidly for bends of R< 0.05 m. The degree of polarization decreases smoothly for bends of
R>0.01m. Below this curvature, the fluctuation and great instability in the polarization- state of the
output signal are easily detected. All these features are very important in using SMOF in sensitive
optical devices especially in long distance fiber communications.
The Matching and Mosaic of the satellite imagery play an essential role in many remote sensing and image processing projects. These techniques must be required in a particular step in the project, such as remotely change detection applications and the study of large regions of interest. The matching and mosaic methods depend on many image parameters such as pixel values in the two or more images, projection system associated with the header files, and spatial resolutions, where many of these methods construct the matching and mosaic manually. In this research, georeference techniques were used to overcome the image matching task in semi automotive method. The decision about the quality of the technique can be considered i
... Show MoreThe cost management of cost indicators in housing projects, on the level of planning and design, is the most important quality indicators, for adoption of strategies of planning and design efficient in managing these indicators. So this research points out the need to highlight the most effective and influential cost indicators in housing projects, and to determine strategies in the management of these indicators in order to raise the efficiency of housing projects quality, to seemly the income level target group, taking into consideration the quality of housing standards, to achieve the basic requirements of housing. This paper highlights the importance of the cost management, the types of housing cost, the method
... Show MoreA survey of fish species in the Iraqi marine waters was carried out for the period from November 2014 to March 2018. The list included 214 species representing 75 families.
The family Carangidae dominated the marine fishes in Iraq, which was represented by 24 species, followed by Haemulidae with 11 species, and then Serranidae and Sparidae with nine species for each, while 34 families contained a single species only.
Elegy is one of the foundations of the Arab poetic heritage, and it is one of the main sections of poetry. Man has found in him his desire to express his innermost self at an hour filled with pain, and an outlet from which his anguish and grief come out in an expressive form that liberates tears and reproaches death.
Lamentation is an evolving purpose that grows with the growth of society and life and records the change that takes place in every stage of history. It is an important result of the poet's collision with life and events.
That is why I chose the lamentation poetry of Hafiz Ibrahim, due to the importance of this art to him, and it is the art in which he excelled the poets of his time.
I have divided this research into
The acoustic efforts of the glass were found in the meanings mixed with other linguistic, grammatical and morphological issues, as the glass was not allocated to the detective or separate chapters in the meanings. The glass-walled in the audio lesson according to the doctrine of the optical, has stated so in several places of its meaning. Glass is interested in mentioning the strong qualities that have a great impact in the chorus and replacements such as loudness, dishes, arrogance, whistling, repetition, and richness. Glass was concerned with the phenomenon of diphtheria great care, and explained its purpose of seeking lightness and ease of pronunciation, and Siboe agreed in its origins and issues, and the glass used three criteria in
... Show MoreThe purpose of charity in tongue science
The historical center cities were exposed to change, which included its social and economical structures, Which led to sweeping changes in land use, causing a change in the result, in urban fabric and the physical structure and therefore to see visual. We have attracted these centers as a result of pressure from urban development and contemporary reflection of the agents of change which have been hit during the late period a development residential newly not sympathize mostly with the content of the historical and at the expense of removing large parts of the urban fabric and replace it with patterns of structural and styles of architecture has not been connected with reality. Which led to the loss of some historical and architec
... Show MoreThe research consisted of four chapters, the first of which wasa methodological framework. The problem of research was determined by a question drawn up by the researcher as follows: What are the intellectual contents of science fiction films ?. The main objective of the research was to uncover the intellectual contents of contemporary science fiction films. The most important research terms (content, thought, ideology, science fiction, contemporary) were defined as either the second chapter (the theoretical framework) The second topic was entitled "The Intellectual Contents of Contemporary Science Fiction Films", in which the films of the science fiction and its current intellectual contents were discussed. The third topic included the
... Show MoreThe tagged search (The aesthetic images in Mohammed Thanoun graphic) four chapters, Chapter I was concerned the statement of the research problem, the research importance and it’s needed, the goal of research in identifying the aesthetic images in the graphic of the artist's, the research limits, and identifying the most important terms, chapter II came with theoretical framework and included three chapters: chapter I was interested in the aesthetic concept. chapter II is the image aesthetic in the graphic, and chapter III is the artist experience, Chapter III specializes in research procedures: community, sample, curriculum, tool, and sample analysis. Chapter IV ended with results, including: dynamic research sample illustrated of the
... Show More