Surge pressure is supplemental pressure because of the movement of the pipes downward and the swab pressure is the pressure reduction as a result of the drill string's upward movement. Bottom hole pressure is reduced because of swabbing influence. An Investigation showed that the surge pressure has great importance for the circulation loss problem produced by unstable processes in the management pressure drilling (MPD) actions. Through Trip Margin there is an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of mud that compensates for the reduction of bottom pressure due to stop pumping and/or swabbing effect while pulling the pipe out of the hole. This overview shows suggested mathematical/numerical models for simulating surge pressure problems inside the wellbore with adjustable cross-section parts. The developed models require simple input data that may be gotten from the rig location. Pressure variations due to Swabs and surge has been a major concern in the oil industry for numerous years. If the pressure variations become moreover extraordinary, this leads to formation fracture, and formation influx principal to a kick. In the worst circumstances and situations that kick principal on the blowout and put crew life in hazard. By using theoretical investigation and experimental consequences, it established that the surge pressure is a function of the well depth, the drilling tools combination, the diameter of the wellbore, drilling mud properties, drilling pipe operation speed, and acceleration of the drill pipe movement, etc. This review focuses and investigates the essential theory and on software that computes the pressure variations in different flow conditions to predict surge and swab pressure values.
The proton momentum distributions (PMD) and the elastic
electron scattering form factors F(q) of the ground state for some
even mass nuclei in the 2p-1f shell for 70Ge, 72Ge, 74Ge and 76Ge are
calculated by using the Coherent Density Fluctuation Model (CDFM)
and expressed in terms of the fluctuation function (weight function)
|F(x)|2. The fluctuation function has been related to the charge
density distribution (CDD) of the nuclei and determined from the
theory and experiment. The property of the long-tail behavior at high
momentum region of the proton momentum distribution has been
obtained by both the theoretical and experimental fluctuation
functions. The calculated form factors F (q) of all nuclei under s
The aim of the study is to assess the risk factors which lead to myocardial infarction and relation to some variables. The filed study was carried out from the 1st of April to the end of Sept. 2005. The Sample of the study consisted of (100) patients in lbn-Albeetar and Baghdad Teaching Hospital. The result of the study indicated the following; 45% of patients with age group (41-50) were more exposed to the disease and there is no significant difference was seen in the level of education, Martial status, weight and height. The result shows that there are significant difference in risk factors like hypertension, cholesterol level in blood and diabetes. When analyzed by T.test at level of P < 0.01 and there are significant difference in smoki
... Show MoreTo investigate the prevalence of true periodontal chief complaints (CC) and the factors affecting their reporting by patients with periodontal diseases (PD).
This cross‐sectional study was based on retrospective analysis of available periodontal records. Different personal and demographic variables were obtained from these records including CC, age, gender, working status, past medical/dental history, smoking status and diagnosis. In addition, clinical parameters of plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth (PPD), and number of missing teeth. Periodontal CC were r
This paper studied the behaviour of reinforced reactive powder concrete (RPC) two-way slabs under static load. The experimental program included testing three simply supported slabs of 1000 mm length, 1000 mm width, and 70 mm thickness. Tested specimens were of identical properties except their steel fibers volume ratio (0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 %). Static test results revealed that, increasing steel fibers volume ratio from 0.5% to 1% and from 1% to 1.5%, led to an increase in: first crack load by (32.2 % and 52.3 %), ultimate load by (36.1 % and 17.0 %), ultimate deflection by (33.6 % and 3.4 %), absorbed energy by (128 % and 20.2 %), and the ultimate strain by (1.1 % and 6.73 %). The stiffness and ductility of the specimens also increased. A
... Show MoreSARS-CoV-2 stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 which is the causative agent of spreading coronavirus disease 2019 that is known as COVID-19 pandemic, the disease leads to severe acute respiratory illness. Matrix metalloproteinases- 9 (MMP-9) plays several important physiological functions. This enzyme could also be implicated in the "cytokine storm" in some way, which may represent one of the possible scianrios during coronavirus infection, in addition to its role in the mechanism of lung fibrosis on molecular basis.. The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) are well characterized for controlling the activity of MMPs in extracellular matrix remodeling. They also considered as signaling molecules anal
... Show MoreThe two body model of (Core+n) within the radial wave functions of the cosh potential has been used to investigate the ground state features such as the proton, neutron and matter densities, the root mean square (RMS) nuclear proton, neutron, charge and mass radii of unstable neutron-rich 14B, 15C, 19C and 22N nuclei. The calculated results show that the two body model with the radial wave functions of the cosh potential succeeds in reproducing neutron halo in these nuclei.
SARS-CoV-2 stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 which is the causative agent of spreading coronavirus disease 2019 that is known as COVID-19 pandemic, the disease leads to severe acute respiratory illness. Matrix metalloproteinases- 9 (MMP-9) plays several important physiological functions. This enzyme could also be implicated in the "cytokine storm" in some way, which may represent one of the possible scianrios during coronavirus infection, in addition to its role in the mechanism of lung fibrosis on molecular basis.. The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) are well characterized for controlling the activity of MMPs in extracellular matrix remodeling. They also considered as signaling molecules anal
... Show MoreThe annealing temperature (200–500 °C) effects of optical frequency response on the dielectric functions of sol–gel derived CuCoO
In this work, the rate of charge transfer (CT) reaction at the N3-ZnS interface was calculated using a quantitative computational model to evaluate the efficiency of N3-ZnS heterojunction dye-sensitized solar cell devices using different types of solvents. This work discussed the influence of the effective driving energy force on the charge transport rate and performance of N3-ZnS devices with various solvents based on a donor-acceptor model. A solar cell model was used to study the optical efficiency when changing some of its parameters, such as the type of material and the thickness of the film, as they are important factors influencing the quality of the solar cell. It was found that the transition energy varies with different so
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