The study involved the removal of acidity from free fatty acid via the esterification reaction of oleic acid with ethanol. The reaction was done in a batch reactor using commercial 13X zeolite as a catalyst. The effects of temperatures (40 to 70 °C) and reaction time (up to 120 minutes) were studied using 6:1 mole ratio of pure ethanol to oleic acid and 5 wt. % of the catalyst. The results showed that acid removed increased with increasing temperature and reaction time. Also, the acidity removal rises sharply during the first reaction period and then changes slightly afterward. The highest acidity removal value was 67 % recorded at 110 minutes and 70 °C. An apparent homogeneous reversible reaction kinetic model has been proposed and solved with the experimentally obtained kinetics data to evaluate reaction rate constants versus temperature, pre-exponential factors, and activation energy values for the forward and the backward esterification reactions. The activation energies were 34.863 kJ/mol for the forward reaction and 29.731 kJ/mol for the backward reaction. The thermodynamics of the activation step of the forward and reverse reactions was studied based on the hypothesis of forming a complex material that decomposes into a product. The activation steps were studied using Eyring bimolecular collision theory approach, and both ΔH* and ΔS* were determined for forward and backward esterification reactions. The enthalpies of activation were 32.141 kJ/mol and 27.080 kJ/mol for the forward reaction and the backward reaction, and the entropies of activation were - 193.7 and -212.7 J/mol. K for the forward reaction and the backward reaction, respectively.
The effect of gamma rays on males and females ofCallasobruchus maculatus and Trogoderma granarium which were irradiated as 1-3 days old adults was investigated. The results revealed that the percent egg hatch for both pests was zero ,and average number of egg (34.2,21.5) for both pests respectively where their males where irradiated with 0.18 kGy and mated with unirradiated females. While the percent of egg hatch and the average number of egg (zero,21,3) respectively when the females where irradiated with 0.18 and 0.15 kGy and mated to unirradiated males for C. maculatus and T. granarium respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that the percent of eggs hatch and average number of egg was ( zero,22.7) for C. maculatus when both sexes i
... Show Morepaid recent developments in the information and communications technology and the accompanying developments in the global market to pay particular accounting information users to demand more sophistication in terms of corporate financial reporting systems, which led to the emergence of a new type of reporting (financial reporting in real time). where is the information and communications technology mainstay Nations for the development and progress, thanks to the development of technology that have made the transmission of information easily conducted and high speed to all who need it, communication is instantaneous and the flow of information via the internet dramatically exceeded the border temporal and spatial anywhere in the w
... Show MoreIn May 20th. 1985 two species of aphids were found on the roots of Vicia faba L. in Hammam region 30 Kilometer south of Mosul. Samples of these aphids were sent to the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London. ( No. 17002/9804 Asia ) and identified as being Smynthurodes betas westwood and Dysaphis crataegi (Kaltenbach) (APhididae : Homoptera). The first species was dominant. The latter species was also noticed on the roots of the common bishop's weed (Ammi majus L.) and on the wide carrot (Daucus carrota L.) of the family Umbelliferae (Bodenheimer & Swirski, 1957).
The waste sorting and recycling plant in the district of al- Mahmudiya (Yusufiya) is the only laboratory in Baghdad governorate. It is the only one in Iraq that collects and recycles waste. After sorting, we have packages of raw materials (aluminum cans, glass bottles, plastic bottles, Nylon bags) as well as natural fertilizers (food residues and others) and a sanitary landfill with specifications that meet international standards; However, the absence of a structure for the management of the plant (manager, assistant manager, accountant, etc.) in addition to the non-supply of waste on a daily and continuous basis and the lack of cooperation of the Municipality of Baghdad with the management of the plant led to delay in the work
... Show MoreThe Risks Faced by Britain in their Areas of Influence at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Drove her to the Alliance with the State of European such as France, and Contributed to the Tireless and made by the British and French Politicians in the Consolidation of Friendly Relations between the two Countries Efforts and Strengthened Cooperation in a Positive Way to Visit the king of Britain's Edward VII to France, Offset by Visit French President Loubet to Britain in the Same Year, those Negotiations Bore Fruit between the two Countries for Reaching a Contract Arbitration and Decisiveness between Britain and France Treaty on the Fourteenth of November 1903, Promised that Treaty First Step that Paved the Way for a General Agreement be
... Show MoreThe study aimed to measure the concentration of some heavy metal elements and represented by (Pb, Cd,Cu) through the use of atomic absorption spectrometer Flame AAS-7000 type SHIMADZU underwent a process modeling to twelve samples from the soil of electricity Dezlat al Jadiriyah station in the Baghdad University compound at a depth of 30-60 cm from the surface and divided the samples into two groups first included six samples from inside the station while the second included six samples from outside the station. For the element of Pb was higher concentration reached by 29.32ppm and less concentration 17.56ppm. were elements Cd and Cu are growing and less and proportions of certain while the highest concentration of copper 9.69 ppm and le
... Show MoreThe philosopher and social psychologist Erich Fromm (1900-1980), in his book "Escape from Freedom" highlighted the distinction between the "I" of the authoritarian personality and the "I" of the destructive personality based on their stance towards "the other." The former (the authoritarian self) relies on a submissive, enslaving formula, where the "I" is the master/dominator/controller/strong, while "the other" is the servant/submissive/controlled/weak, essential for perpetuating this formula. In contrast, the latter (the destructive self) relies on an annihilating, negating formula, where the "I" is existence/killer/destroyer/pe
... Show MoreBackground: Optimal root canal retreatment was required safe and efficient removal of filling material from root canal. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the efficacy of reciprocating and continuous motion of four retreatment systems in removal of root canal filling material. Materials and Methods: Forty distal roots of the mandibular first molars teeth were used in this study, these roots were embedded in cold clear acrylic,roots were instrumented using crown down technique and rotary ProTaper systemize Sx to size F2 ,instrumentation were done with copiousirrigation of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% buffered solution of EDTA was used as final irrigant followed by distilledwater, roots were obturated with AH26 sealer and Prota
... Show MoreWhatever the designers of the advertisement in choosing the text and spoken phrases, those phrases cannot give or convey the full meaning to the recipient only if this spoken and written language is reinforced with another language based on the signals, movements, and symbols that are displayed using the body or other artistic elements of the advertisement such as pictures, colors, music, effects, and other elements used in the artistic construction of television advertising. All these artistic elements contribute to the completion of the advertising idea and make it ready to be displayed to the public.
Scientists and researchers, in the field of psychology, have relied a lot on this language (body language). And some of them put
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