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Kinetics and Activation Complex Thermodynamic Study of the Acidity Removal of Oleic Acid via Esterification Reaction on Commercial 13X Zeolite
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   The study involved the removal of acidity from free fatty acid via the esterification reaction of oleic acid with ethanol. The reaction was done in a batch reactor using commercial 13X zeolite as a catalyst. The effects of temperatures (40 to 70 °C) and reaction time (up to 120 minutes) were studied using 6:1 mole ratio of pure ethanol to oleic acid and 5 wt. % of the catalyst. The results showed that acid removed increased with increasing temperature and reaction time. Also, the acidity removal rises sharply during the first reaction period and then changes slightly afterward. The highest acidity removal value was 67 % recorded at 110 minutes and 70 °C. An apparent homogeneous reversible reaction kinetic model has been proposed and solved with the experimentally obtained kinetics data to evaluate reaction rate constants versus temperature, pre-exponential factors, and activation energy values for the forward and the backward esterification reactions. The activation energies were 34.863 kJ/mol for the forward reaction and 29.731 kJ/mol for the backward reaction. The thermodynamics of the activation step of the forward and reverse reactions was studied based on the hypothesis of forming a complex material that decomposes into a product. The activation steps were studied using Eyring bimolecular collision theory approach, and both ΔH* and ΔS* were determined for forward and backward esterification reactions. The enthalpies of activation were 32.141 kJ/mol and 27.080 kJ/mol for the forward reaction and the backward reaction, and the entropies of activation were - 193.7 and -212.7 J/mol. K for the forward reaction and the backward reaction, respectively.

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Publication Date
Thu Apr 30 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The Effect of organizational stress on the Performance of professor at the Faculty of Economics and Commercial Sciences / University of Djelfa / Algeria
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The present study aims at identifying the effect of organizational pressure with its aspects (management, work team, nature and conditions of work, external environment) on job performance in all its dimensions (commitment and effort made, capabilities and the rapidity of performance, motivation and job satisfaction, work environment) for the university teacher at the Faculty of Economics, Commercial and Management Sciences at the University of Djelfa, Algeria.

     In this research, the descriptive analytical approach is used. Data was collected through the distribution of a questionnaire to a sample that included 130 permanent teachers before being analyzed using the (SPSS) statisti

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 01 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Physics
Evaluation of Resonance Strengths and Reaction Rates of 22Ne (p, gamma) 23Na Nuclear Reaction at Thermonuclear Energies
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At thermal energies near stellar conditions, nuclear reactions are sensitive to resonance strengths of the nuclear reaction cross-section. In this paper, the resonance strengths of  nuclear reaction were evaluated numerically by means of nuclear reaction rate calculations using a written Matlab code, at the energies of interest in stellar nuclear reactions. The results were compared with standard reaction before and after application of a statistical analyses, to select the best parameters that made theoretical results as close as possible to the standard values. Fitting was made for different temperature ranges up to 10 GK, 0.6 GK and 0.25 GK. The evaluated results showed that as the temperature range becomes narrower, more error is ad

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 11 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Alternatives Scenarios for Transportation During The Morning and Evening Peaks (The Entrances of The Jadiriya Complex Study Case) "A Planning Vision"
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The research aims to develop alternatives to transportation at the entrance to the Educational City (University of Baghdad) during the morning and evening peaks, which result from of the traffic congestion at the entrances to the educational city (the University of Baghdad), and affects the emotional, functional, and social performance of the whole city, and leads to hotbeds of confluence and congestion at the entrances in the morning and evening peaks. This movement was measured on the ground for pedestrians and vehicles. Some criteria were adopted to determine the density of road length to the area and density of roads for the number of users and the rate of the area served by roads. The research reviews the experiences of some

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 25 2022
Journal Name
International Journal Of Drug Delivery Technology
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles via Black and Green Tea and Study its Toxicity on few Vital Organs of Female Mice
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This study included synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a green method using AgNO3 solution with glucose exposed to microwave radiation. The prepared NPs were also characterized using ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The UV/vis spectroscopy confirmed the production of AgNPs, while SEM analysis showed that the typical spherical AgNPs were 30 nm and 50 nm in size for the NPs prepared using black tea (B) and green tea (G) as reducing agent, respectively. The changes in some of the biochemical parameters related to the liver and kidneys have been analyzed to evaluate the probable toxic effects of AgNPs. 40 adult male mice were included in this study. To assess the probable he

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Publication Date
Sat Nov 27 2021
Journal Name
Route Educational & Social Science Journal
A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF ADVERTISING DISCOURSE: A CASE STUDY OF FACEBOOK COMMERCIAL ADVERTISEMENT
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BN Rashid

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 30 2014
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Removal of SO2 over Modified Activated Carbon in Fixed Bed Reactor: I, Effect of Metal Oxide Loadings and Acid Treatment
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The removal of SO2 from simulated gas stream (SO2 + air) in a fixed bed reactor using Modified Activated Carbon (MAC) catalysts was investigated. All the experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure, initial SO2 concentration of 2500 ppm and bed temperature of 90oC. MAC was prepared by loading a series of nickel and copper oxides 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 w

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Publication Date
Mon Dec 20 2021
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Market Research And Consumer Protection
STUDY THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND DETERMINATION THE CYTOTOXICITY OF KOJIC ACID PRODUCED FROM THE LOCAL ISOLATE ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS WJF81 AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CONSUMER HEALTH.: STUDY THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND DETERMINATION THE CYTOTOXICITY OF KOJIC ACID PRODUCED FROM THE LOCAL ISOLATE ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS WJF81 AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CONSUMER HEALTH.
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Steps were taken to obtain the Kojic acid crystals from local fungal isolation A. flavus WJF81 by separating the fermentation products from the fungus mycelium from the production plant at the centrifuge at a speed of 5000 cycles for 10 minutes. The extraction was followed by ethyl acetate then supernatant concentrate by using rotary evaporator, and dried with heat oven 37ºC. Long, yellowish, pristine acid crystals were obtained that examined the optical microscope with a magnification force of 10x and 40x. The melting point of kojic acid was determined between 152.9-153.5 °C Results of the diagnosis of Kojic acid by applying High pressure liquid chromatography HPLC technique showed that the acid was at one peak, which was close to the

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 01 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Global Pharma Technology
Spectrophotometric determination of loratadine in syrup and study viscosity conductivity and thermodynamic of binary mixed systems of surfactants with loratadine"
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Publication Date
Thu Mar 01 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The role of tax exemption in attracting foreign investment and the possibility of activation in the Iraqi economy
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The tax exemption, whether wholly or partially, and for an unlimited duration of the investment or for a limited period of few years, is one of the encouraging things to the flow of foreign capital. And if necessary, impose tax on the profits of the invested capital, the promotion requires that not be discriminatory taxes or payments in the amount of money with the need to avoid double taxation. The tax exemption is granted by the government and the feature according to the law of a natural person or legal entity seeking from the government purports to achieve a set of political goals, economic and  social development. The reduction of taxes or grants partial exemption is one of the factors that encourage attract of direct foreign i

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Publication Date
Wed Sep 30 2015
Journal Name
European Journal Of Chemistry
Reaction pathways and transition states of the C-C and C-H bond cleavage in the aromatic pyrenemolecule - A Density Functional study
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The activation and reaction energies of the C-C and C-H bonds cleavage in pyrene molecule are calculated applying the Density Functional Theory and 6-311G Gaussian basis. Different values for the energies result for the different bonds, depending on the location of the bond and the structure of the corresponding transition states. The C-C bond cleavage reactions include H atom migration, in many cases, leading to the formation of CH2 groups and H-C≡C- acetylenic fragments. The activation energy values of the C-C reactions are greater than 190.00 kcal/mol for all bonds, those for the C-H bonds are greater than 160.00 kcal/mol. The reaction energy values for the C-C bonds range between 56.497 to 191.503 kcal/mol. As for the C-H cleavage rea

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