Adsorption is one of the most important technologies for the treatment of polluted water from dyes. Theaim of this study is to use a low-cost adsorbent for this purpose. A novel and economical adsorbent was used to remove methyl violet dye (MV) from aqueous solutions. This adsorbent was prepared from bean peel, which is an agricultural waste. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the ability of the bean peel adsorbent (BPA) to remove the methyl violet (MV) dye. The effects of different variables, such as weight of the adsorbent, pH of the MV solution, initial concentration of MV, contact time and temperature, on the adsorption behaviour were studied. It was found experimentally that the time required to achieve equilibrium was 120 min for all dye concentrations (10-50 mg/l). The BPA was characterised using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)before and after adsorption of the MV dye. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were used to analyse the experimental isotherm data. The Freundlich isotherm gives a better fit than the other isotherm models. The adsorption kinetic data were tested using pseudo-first-order and pseudo–second-order models. Additionally, the intraparticle diffusion model was used to investigate the mechanism of the adsorption process. It was found that boundary layer diffusion (external mass transfer) is the rate-determining step. The thermodynamic parameters, including ΔH, ΔS and ΔG, were investigated at different temperatures (298, 313 and 323 K) and concentrations (5, 10, 20 and 30 mg/l) to understand the nature of the adsorption process. The thermodynamic study indicates that the adsorption of MV dye onto BPA is physical, exothermic and spontaneous in nature.
The aim of this paper is to study the Zariski topology of a commutative KU-algebra. Firstly, we introduce new concepts of a KU-algebra, such as KU-lattice, involutory ideal and prime ideal and investigate some basic properties of these concepts. Secondly, the notion of the topology spectrum of a commutative KU-algebra is studied and several properties of this topology are provided. Also, we study the continuous map of this topological space.
This study aims to reach the right of governorates that are not organized in a region to impose local legislation, including tax legislation, and the extent of the constitutionality of this legislation and its consistency with constitutional texts and legal rules. The imposition of local taxes finds its constitutional and legal basis in the Iraqi constitution for the year 2005 and the law of governorates not organized in a region.The imposition of local taxes corresponds to the principle of tax legality, which is reflected in the necessity of issuing tax laws from a competent authority, whether this authority is federal, regional or local. Rather, it is sufficient that it be competent
This Book is intended to be a textbook studied for undergraduate course in financial statistics/ department of Financial Sciences and Banking. This book is designed to be used in semester system. To achieve the goals of the book, it is divided into the following chapters. Chapter one introduces basic concepts. Chapter two devotes to frequency distribution and data representation. Chapter three discusses central tendency measures (all types of means, mode, and median). Chapter four deals with dispersion Measures (standard deviation, variance, and coefficient of variation). Chapter five concerned with correlation and regression analysis. While chapter six concerned with testing Hypotheses (One population mean test, Two "independent" populati
... Show MoreThe Symbolic Interaction of the Kindergarten
Cadmium Oxide thin films were deposited on glass substrate by spray pyrolysis technique at different temperatures (300,350,400, 500)oC. The optical properties of the films were studied in this work. The optical band-gap was determined from absorption spectra, it was found that the optical band-gap was within the range of (2.5-2.56)eV also width of localized states and another optical properties.
Transport layer is responsible for delivering data to the appropriate application process on the host computers. The two most popular transport layer protocols are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is considered one of the most important protocols in the Internet. UDP is a minimal message-oriented Transport Layer protocol. In this paper we have compared the performance of TCP and UDP on the wired network. Network Simulator (NS2) has been used for performance Comparison since it is preferred by the networking research community. Constant bit rate (CBR) traffic used for both TCP and UDP protocols.
Aquatic Oligochaetes community in the Iraqi southern marshes, Al- Hawiezah, Al-Chibayish and Al-Hammar, have been studied for the period from July 2006 to June 2007. Two sites within each marsh, in addition to a reference site located at Shatt Al-Garma, have been chosen for sample collection using Ekman dredge. The results revealed that the highest average annual density was 16800 individual / m2 recorded in Al-Hawiezah marsh, while in Al-Chibayish and al-Hammar marsh the density did not exceed 5111 individual/m2. In contrast, the density of Oligochaetes recorded in Shatt Al-Garma was about 10500 individual / m2. The highest monthly density was recorded in April 2007.The highest local percentage occurrence was 96% recorded in Al-Hawiezah ma
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The field of identification of similarity was considered a subject of research strongly recommended in the areas of semantic web, artificial intelligence and linguistic literature. In this paper a new similarity measure is proposed based on the Wu and Palmer measure. This measure is applied on the domain of the pedagogical ontology. Results obtained showed that the new measure gives better relevance of the similarity values compared to the approach of Wu and Palmer and it appears that the proposed measure is advantageous because obtained results showed that it is faster and capable of obtaining results to concepts not located in the same path.