Esterification of Free Fatty Acid with High Chain Alcohol for Biodiesel Production Using Semi-Batch Reactive Distillation

Wadood T. Mohammed; Marwa F. Abdul Jabbar

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Publication Date

Thu Dec 31 2015

Journal Name

Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering

Volume

16

Issue Number

4

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Esterification of Free Fatty Acid with High Chain Alcohol for Biodiesel Production Using Semi-Batch Reactive Distillation

Biodiesel

Reactive distillation

Esterification

Homogeneous catalyst

Wadood T. Mohammed

Marwa F. Abdul Jabbar

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The esterification of oleic acid with 2-ethylhexanol in presence of sulfuric acid as homogeneous catalyst was investigated in this work to produce 2-ethylhexyl oleate (biodiesel) by using semi batch reactive distillation. The effect of reaction temperature (100 to 130°C), 2-ethylhexanol:oleic acid molar ratio (1:1 to 1:3) and catalysts concentration (0.2 to 1wt%) were studied. Higher conversion of 97% was achieved with operating conditions of reaction temperature of 130°C, molar ratio of free fatty acid to alcohol of 1:2 and catalyst concentration of 1wt%. A simulation was adopted from basic principles of the reactive distillation using MATLAB to describe the process. Good agreement was achieved.

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Publication Date

Sun Aug 07 2022

Journal Name

Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Etasr

Flexural Strengthening of Prestressed Girders with Partially Damaged Strands Using Enhancement of Carbon Fiber Laminates by End Sheet Anchorages

H. Q.

Alaa Hussein

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This paper examines the impact of flexural strengthening on the percentage of damaged strands in internally unbonded tendons in partially prestressed concrete beams (0, 14.28%, and 28.57%) and the recovering conditions using CFRP composite longitudinal laminates at the soffit, and end anchorage U-wrap sheets to restore the original flexural capacity and mitigate the delamination of the soffit of longitudinal Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates. The composition of the laminates and anchors affected the stress of the CFRP, the failure mode, and thus the behavior of the beam. The experimental results revealed that the usage of CFRP laminates has a considerable impact on strand strain, particularly when anchors are employed

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Publication Date

Fri Jun 19 2026

Journal Name

Journal Of Studies And Researches Of Sport Education

The effect of using the educational bag on the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weapon

The effect of using the educational bag on the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weaponDr. Lamia Hassan Al-Diwan

D. Fatima Abdel-Maliki

Dr. Kholoud Laith Abdel Karim2005 Technical and technological development has been increasing day after day and has included all areas of life

including the educational process

which has benefited from technologies such as (computer

video

and pictorial models) in introducing them as tools to aid the learning process. Educational packages have proven their effectiveness in education as they prepare learners with different areas of experience. Sensory audio-visual

through which the learner acquires different educational experiences through interaction

practice

participation

and communication with the data of the surrounding environment through the diversity of knowledge sources that suit his inclinations and needs. The research aimed to prepare an educational bag to teach some offensive skills in the epee weapon. And to find out the effect of using the proposed educational bag on the level of learning some offensive skills in the epee weapon. We hypothesized that the proposed educational package has a positive impact on the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weapon. There were statistically significant differences in testing the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weapon between the post-tests of the experimental and control groups

and in favor of the experimental group. The researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of solving the research problem

and the research sample was chosen intentionally from the girls’ fencing club players (beginners) in the governorate. Basra for the year 2005. The number of players was (16)

which represented the entire study population. The experiment was conducted in the sports hall of the South Oil Sports Club in Basra. We concluded that the educational package has a positive impact on the level of learning some offensive skills in the epee weapon. There were statistically significant differences in the learning level test for some offensive skills in the epee weapon between the experimental group and the control group in the post-tests and in favor of the experimental group. We recommended the necessity of using the proposed educational curriculum to learn some offensive skills in the epee weapon in fencing lessons or in sports clubs. Adopting modern techniques in training

teaching or teaching fencing skills and searching for new methods. Conducting similar studies on other skills or different samples.Keywords: educational bag

offensive skills with an epee weapon

fencing game. Teaching methods. Basra Girl Sports ClubLamya Hassan Aldewan [email protected] of Basra - College of Education and Sports Scienceshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0377-6915 Keywords educational bag

offensive skills with an epee weapon

fencing game. Teaching methods. Basra Girl Sports Club

‏Lamyaa

Fatima

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Publication Date

Thu May 01 2025

Journal Name

Process Safety And Environmental Protection

Electromembrane extraction of Cadmium (II) using a novel design of electrochemical cell with a flat sheet supported liquid membrane

Noor R.

Hussain M.

Ali H.

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(5)

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Publication Date

Fri Oct 01 2021

Journal Name

International Journal Of Mechanical Engineering And Robotics Research

Proportional-Derivative PD Vibration Control with Adaptive Approximation Compensator for a Nonlinear Smart Thin Beam Interacting with Fluid

fluid-structure interaction

smart beam

PD control

adaptive approximation control

hydrodynamic forces

Abdnoor Jameel Shaheed

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This work is concerned with the vibration attenuation of a smart beam interacting with fluid using proportional-derivative PD control and adaptive approximation compensator AAC. The role of the AAC is to improve the PD performance by compensating for unmodelled dynamics using the concept of function approximation technique FAT. The key idea is to represent the unknown parameters using the weighting coefficient and basis function matrices/vectors. The weighting coefficient vector is updated using Lyapunov theory. This controller is applied to a flexible beam provided with surface bonded piezo-patches while the vibrating beam system is submerged in a fluid. Two main effects are considered: 1) axial stretching of the vibrating beam that leads

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(2)

Publication Date

Thu Apr 30 2020

Journal Name

Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences

Comparison Branch and Bound Algorithm with Penalty Function Method for solving Non-linear Bi-level programming with application

البرمجة ثنائية المستوى غير الخطية

طريقة دالة الجزاء

خوارزمية التحديد

حامد سعد

هبـــة فاضل

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The problem of Bi-level programming is to reduce or maximize the function of the target by having another target function within the constraints. This problem has received a great deal of attention in the programming community due to the proliferation of applications and the use of evolutionary algorithms in addressing this kind of problem. Two non-linear bi-level programming methods are used in this paper. The goal is to achieve the optimal solution through the simulation method using the Monte Carlo method using different small and large sample sizes. The research reached the Branch Bound algorithm was preferred in solving the problem of non-linear two-level programming this is because the results were better.

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Publication Date

Wed Sep 01 2021

Journal Name

Baghdad Science Journal

Studying the Magnetohydrodynamics for Williamson Fluid with Varying Temperature and Concentration in an Inclined Channel with Variable Viscosity

Inclined channel

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)

Variable viscosity

Williamson fluid.

Wissam Sadiq

Hasan Hadi

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In this paper, the Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) for Williamson fluid with varying temperature and concentration in an inclined channel with variable viscosity has been examined. The perturbation technique in terms of the Weissenberg number to obtain explicit forms for the velocity field has been used. All the solutions of physical parameters of the Darcy parameter , Reynolds number , Peclet number and Magnetic parameter are discussed under the different values as shown in plots.

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(2)

Publication Date

Fri Sep 30 2022

Journal Name

Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering

Cadmium Removal Using Bio-Electrochemical Reactor with Packed Bed Rotating Cylindrical Cathode: A Kinetics Study

Zahraa

Ali

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The kinetics of removing cadmium from aqueous solutions was studied using a bio-electrochemical reactor with a packed bed rotating cylindrical cathode. The effect of applied voltage, initial concentration of cadmium, cathode rotation speed, and pH on the reaction rate constant (k) was studied. The results showed that the cathodic deposition occurred under the control of mass transfer for all applied voltage values used in this research. Accordingly, the relationship between logarithmic concentration gradient with time can be represented by a first-order kinetic rate equation. It was found that the rate constant (k) depends on the applied voltage, the initial cadmium concentration, the pH and the rotational speed of cathode. It

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(2)

Publication Date

Sat Jan 01 2022

Journal Name

Journal Of Periodontal & Implant Science

Bio-hybrid dental implants prepared using stem cells with β-TCP-coated titanium and zirconia

Dental implant

Guided tissue regeneration

Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation

Periodontal ligament

Tissue scaffolding

Titanium

Zirconium oxide (Zirconia)

Ihab N.

Basima M A

Ahmed Majeed

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Purpose This study investigated periodontal ligament (PDL) restoration in osseointegrated implants using stem cells. Methods Commercial pure titanium and zirconium oxide (zirconia) were coated with beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) using a long-pulse Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm). Isolated bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMMSCs) from rabbit tibia and femur, isolated PDL stem cells (PDLSCs) from the lower right incisor, and co-cultured BMMSCs and PDLSCs were tested for periostin markers using an immunofluorescent assay. Implants with 3D-engineered tissue were implanted into the lower right central incisors after extraction from rabbits. Forty implants (Ti or zirconia) were subdivided according to the duration of implantation (healing period: 45 o

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(5)

Publication Date

Mon Oct 31 2022

Journal Name

International Journal Of Intelligent Engineering And Systems

Robot Path Planning in Unknown Environments with Multi-Objectives Using an Improved COOT Optimization Algorithm

Jafaar Ahmed

Dheyaa Jasim

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(4)

Publication Date

Thu Jul 03 2025

Journal Name

2025 3rd International Conference On Cyber Resilience (iccr)

Fine-Grained Emotion Recognition from Short Video Clips Using CNN-LSTM with Facial Action Heatmaps

Zahraa Haimeed

Haneen Siraj

Enas Ahmed

Mina Taha

Nourhan Ahmed

Azhaar A.

Wael Yahya

Inbithaq Ahmed

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