Esterification of Free Fatty Acid with High Chain Alcohol for Biodiesel Production Using Semi-Batch Reactive Distillation

Wadood T. Mohammed; Marwa F. Abdul Jabbar

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Publication Date

Thu Dec 31 2015

Journal Name

Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering

Volume

16

Issue Number

4

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Esterification of Free Fatty Acid with High Chain Alcohol for Biodiesel Production Using Semi-Batch Reactive Distillation

Biodiesel

Reactive distillation

Esterification

Homogeneous catalyst

Wadood T. Mohammed

Marwa F. Abdul Jabbar

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The esterification of oleic acid with 2-ethylhexanol in presence of sulfuric acid as homogeneous catalyst was investigated in this work to produce 2-ethylhexyl oleate (biodiesel) by using semi batch reactive distillation. The effect of reaction temperature (100 to 130°C), 2-ethylhexanol:oleic acid molar ratio (1:1 to 1:3) and catalysts concentration (0.2 to 1wt%) were studied. Higher conversion of 97% was achieved with operating conditions of reaction temperature of 130°C, molar ratio of free fatty acid to alcohol of 1:2 and catalyst concentration of 1wt%. A simulation was adopted from basic principles of the reactive distillation using MATLAB to describe the process. Good agreement was achieved.

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Publication Date

Tue Jan 27 2026

Journal Name

Journal Of Studies And Researches Of Sport Education

The effect of using the educational bag on the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weapon

The effect of using the educational bag on the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weaponDr. Lamia Hassan Al-Diwan

D. Fatima Abdel-Maliki

Dr. Kholoud Laith Abdel Karim2005 Technical and technological development has been increasing day after day and has included all areas of life

including the educational process

which has benefited from technologies such as (computer

video

and pictorial models) in introducing them as tools to aid the learning process. Educational packages have proven their effectiveness in education as they prepare learners with different areas of experience. Sensory audio-visual

through which the learner acquires different educational experiences through interaction

practice

participation

and communication with the data of the surrounding environment through the diversity of knowledge sources that suit his inclinations and needs. The research aimed to prepare an educational bag to teach some offensive skills in the epee weapon. And to find out the effect of using the proposed educational bag on the level of learning some offensive skills in the epee weapon. We hypothesized that the proposed educational package has a positive impact on the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weapon. There were statistically significant differences in testing the level of learning some offensive skills with the epee weapon between the post-tests of the experimental and control groups

and in favor of the experimental group. The researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of solving the research problem

and the research sample was chosen intentionally from the girls’ fencing club players (beginners) in the governorate. Basra for the year 2005. The number of players was (16)

which represented the entire study population. The experiment was conducted in the sports hall of the South Oil Sports Club in Basra. We concluded that the educational package has a positive impact on the level of learning some offensive skills in the epee weapon. There were statistically significant differences in the learning level test for some offensive skills in the epee weapon between the experimental group and the control group in the post-tests and in favor of the experimental group. We recommended the necessity of using the proposed educational curriculum to learn some offensive skills in the epee weapon in fencing lessons or in sports clubs. Adopting modern techniques in training

teaching or teaching fencing skills and searching for new methods. Conducting similar studies on other skills or different samples.Keywords: educational bag

offensive skills with an epee weapon

fencing game. Teaching methods. Basra Girl Sports ClubLamya Hassan Aldewan [email protected] of Basra - College of Education and Sports Scienceshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0377-6915 Keywords educational bag

offensive skills with an epee weapon

fencing game. Teaching methods. Basra Girl Sports Club

‏Lamyaa

Fatima

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Publication Date

Sun Aug 07 2022

Journal Name

Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Etasr

Flexural Strengthening of Prestressed Girders with Partially Damaged Strands Using Enhancement of Carbon Fiber Laminates by End Sheet Anchorages

H. Q.

Alaa Hussein

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This paper examines the impact of flexural strengthening on the percentage of damaged strands in internally unbonded tendons in partially prestressed concrete beams (0, 14.28%, and 28.57%) and the recovering conditions using CFRP composite longitudinal laminates at the soffit, and end anchorage U-wrap sheets to restore the original flexural capacity and mitigate the delamination of the soffit of longitudinal Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates. The composition of the laminates and anchors affected the stress of the CFRP, the failure mode, and thus the behavior of the beam. The experimental results revealed that the usage of CFRP laminates has a considerable impact on strand strain, particularly when anchors are employed

(12)

Publication Date

Thu May 01 2025

Journal Name

Process Safety And Environmental Protection

Electromembrane extraction of Cadmium (II) using a novel design of electrochemical cell with a flat sheet supported liquid membrane

Noor R.

Hussain M.

Ali H.

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(2)

(3)

Publication Date

Sun Sep 27 2020

Journal Name

Journal Of The College Of Education For Women

Spatial Variation in Date Production and its Spatial Relationship to Climate in Central and Southern Iraq

spatial variation

Dates

Agricultural climate

Munaf Muhammad

Fatimah Hamdi

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The climate is one of the natural factors affecting agriculture, and the success of the cultivation of any agricultural crop depends on the nature of the prevailing climate in the area of its cultivation. If the main elements of climate: temperature, rain and humidity, affect the various agricultural activities that can be practiced, and the stages of growth of agricultural crops and also determine the areas of spread. When the climatic requirements of any crop are well available, its cultivation is successful and comfortable. The research starts from the problem of spatial variation of date production spatially in the study area and the reason for choosing dates because of its economic importance, so the research will be based on

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Publication Date

Mon Aug 01 2016

Journal Name

Enzyme And Microbial Technology

In Search of the E. coli Compounds that Change the Antibiotic Production Pattern of Streptomyces coelicolor During Inter-species Interaction

Mavituna F.

Khalid Jaber Kadhum

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(7)

Publication Date

Tue Jan 27 2026

Journal Name

Journal Of Business Economics For Applied Research

The impact of total quality management on the quality engineering of Diyala State Company's products and production processes

حيدر

د.سهير

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Publication Date

Mon Jun 28 2021

Journal Name

Journal Of The College Of Education For Women

The Effect of Natural Factors on the Cultivation and Production of Sesame Crop in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate: كوثر ناصر عباس

Natural Factors

Qadisiyah

Sesame

Kawthar Nasser

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Sesame crop, one of the very important oily, industrial, and summer crops that is economically important, has been investigated. The plantation and production of this crop has been studied in Al-Qadisiyah governorate during 2003-218. This is because this governorate is well-known by sesame plantation. Such a study helps to know the geographical distribution of sesame agricultural season in 2017-2018, and explore the most important natural factors that affect its plantation. Different research approaches have been adopted based on that facts that need to be met. A field study approach has been used in studying sesame crop descriptively and conceptually, shedding light on its nutritional and economic importance. Moreover, a descriptive com

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Publication Date

Sat Mar 02 2019

Journal Name

World Heart Journal

Assessment of the Left Ventricular Mass (LVM) among Patients with Diabetes in Relation to Age Using Doppler Echocardiography

Doppler Echocardiography

Left Ventricular Mass

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Samar I.

Hind H.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus a major factor that has adverse effects on the vascular system and the heart. It causes an increase in cardiac muscle thickness, resulting in decreased compliance and increased peripheral arterial stiffness. This study aims to assess the left ventricular mass (LVM) and left ventricular hemodynamic changes in diabetic patients measured by Doppler echocardiography. Patients and Methods: The study included 50 diabetic patients ranging in age between 25 and 80 years, (mean age: 54.1 ± 15.10, 19 males, 31 females) and 50 healthy subjects, aged 25 to 80 years (mean age: 48.52 ± 14.45, 11 males, 39 females). Doppler echocardiography was used to assess left ventricular function. The measurements included

Publication Date

Sun Feb 02 2025

Journal Name

Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research

A Numerical Study of Concrete Composite Circular Columns encased with GFRP I-Section using the Finite Element Method

Abbas

Hiba Shihab

Riyadh

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This paper presents ABAQUS simulations of fully encased composite columns, aiming to examine the behavior of a composite column system under different load conditions, namely concentric, eccentric with 25 mm eccentricity, and flexural loading. The numerical results are validated with the experimental results obtained for columns subjected to static loads. A new loading condition with a 50 mm eccentricity is simulated to obtain additional data points for constructing the interaction diagram of load-moment curves, in an attempt to investigate the load-moment behavior for a reference column with a steel I-section and a column with a GFRP I-section. The result comparison shows that the experimental data align closely with the simulation

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(2)

Publication Date

Tue Jan 27 2026

Journal Name

Al-rafidain University College For Sciences

“Simple Regression Analysis by using Linear Programming Technique and illustration of Absolute Residuals method with another Estimation Techniques”

Regression Analysis

Operations Research

Optimization.

Omar Abdulmohsin

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This research deals with unusual approach for analyzing the Simple Linear Regression via Linear Programming by Two - phase method, which is known in Operations Research: “O.R.”. The estimation here is found by solving optimization problem when adding artificial variables: Ri. Another method to analyze the Simple Linear Regression is introduced in this research, where the conditional Median of (y) was taken under consideration by minimizing the Sum of Absolute Residuals instead of finding the conditional Mean of (y) which depends on minimizing the Sum of Squared Residuals, that is called: “Median Regression”. Also, an Iterative Reweighted Least Squared based on the Absolute Residuals as weights is performed here as another method to

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