Esterification of Free Fatty Acid with High Chain Alcohol for Biodiesel Production Using Semi-Batch Reactive Distillation

Wadood T. Mohammed; Marwa F. Abdul Jabbar

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Publication Date

Thu Dec 31 2015

Journal Name

Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering

Volume

16

Issue Number

4

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Esterification of Free Fatty Acid with High Chain Alcohol for Biodiesel Production Using Semi-Batch Reactive Distillation

Biodiesel

Reactive distillation

Esterification

Homogeneous catalyst

Wadood T. Mohammed

Marwa F. Abdul Jabbar

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The esterification of oleic acid with 2-ethylhexanol in presence of sulfuric acid as homogeneous catalyst was investigated in this work to produce 2-ethylhexyl oleate (biodiesel) by using semi batch reactive distillation. The effect of reaction temperature (100 to 130°C), 2-ethylhexanol:oleic acid molar ratio (1:1 to 1:3) and catalysts concentration (0.2 to 1wt%) were studied. Higher conversion of 97% was achieved with operating conditions of reaction temperature of 130°C, molar ratio of free fatty acid to alcohol of 1:2 and catalyst concentration of 1wt%. A simulation was adopted from basic principles of the reactive distillation using MATLAB to describe the process. Good agreement was achieved.

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Publication Date

Mon Jan 01 2024

Journal Name

Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciências

Morphological study for Accipitrid birds (Accipitridforms, Accipitridae) in Iraq; part two

A part two of Accipitridae Family members that belong to three genera: Circus

Gyps

and Neophron were documented as morphometrics

distribution ranges

and conservation status were reviewed and comprehensively discussed. A total of 29 voucher specimens belong to six species which are conserved in the “Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum INHM” as follow: Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus

1758)

Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus

1766)

Montagus Harrier Circus pygargus (Linnaeus

1758)

Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus (Gmelin

1770)

Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus

1758)

and Griffon vulture Gyps fulfus (Hablitz

1783). The results revealed significant criteria about near threatened NT species IUCN and Birdlife International listed as Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus

and Endangered (EN) species as Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus globally decreasing population trend.

HIND D.

KHALIDA I.

AFKAR M.

SUHAD Y.

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Publication Date

Sat Mar 20 2021

Journal Name

Neuroquantology

XRD and Microscopic Images for Synthesis Graphite Nanoparticles by Oxidation Method

F.H.

R.B.

I.M.

T.A.

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Graphite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using mixture of H2O2/NH4OH with three steps of oxidation. The process of oxidations were analysis by XRD and optics microscopic images which shows clear change in particle size of graphite after every steps of oxidation. The method depend on treatments the graphite with H2O2 in two steps than complete the last steps by reacting with H2O2/NH4OH with equal quantities. The process did not reduces the several sheets for graphite but dispersion the aggregates of multi-sheets carbon when removed the Van Der Waals forces through the oxidation process.

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Publication Date

Wed Jan 01 2025

Journal Name

Journal Of Interdisciplinary Mathematics

Double INEM-transform integral for solving second order partial differential equation

Intidhar Zamil

Jinan A.

Hala Majid

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In this study, a brand-new double transform known as the double INEM transform is introduced. Combined with the definition and essential features of the proposed double transform, new findings on partial derivatives, Heaviside function, are also presented. Additionally, we solve several symmetric applications to show how effective the provided transform is at resolving partial differential equation.

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(1)

Publication Date

Mon Jan 01 2024

Journal Name

Lecture Notes In Networks And Systems

Implementing a Smart Low-Cost System for Diagnosing Bacteria in Women

Mohannad K. Sabir

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View Publication

Publication Date

Tue Mar 22 2016

Journal Name

Brazilian Journal Of Physics

Alpha Decay Preformation Factors for Even–Even 280–316116 Superheavy Isotopes

Norah A. M.

Shahidan

Redzuwan

Saad M. Saleh

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Publication Date

Tue Jan 01 2019

Journal Name

Journal Of Global Pharma Technology

Modified ZnO for efficient photo-catalysis by Silver/Graphite oxide nanoparticles

R.

I.M.

A.A.

F.H.

...Show More Authors

(4)

Publication Date

Fri Apr 01 2022

Journal Name

International Journal Of Electrical And Computer Engineering (ijece)

Medium access control protocol design for wireless communications and networks review

Zaid Hashim

Dheyaa

Ahmed Sabah

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<p><span>Medium access control (MAC) protocol design plays a crucial role to increase the performance of wireless communications and networks. The channel access mechanism is provided by MAC layer to share the medium by multiple stations. Different types of wireless networks have different design requirements such as throughput, delay, power consumption, fairness, reliability, and network density, therefore, MAC protocol for these networks must satisfy their requirements. In this work, we proposed two multiplexing methods for modern wireless networks: Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) and power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA). The first research method namely Massive MIMO uses a massive numbe

(1)

Publication Date

Sun Jul 01 2018

Journal Name

2018 2nd International Conference On Imaging, Signal Processing And Communication (icispc)

Analogy-based Common-Sense Knowledge for Opinion-Target Identification and Aggregation

Feature extraction

Task analysis

Semantics

Sentiment analysis

Aggregates

Encyclopedias

Omar Mustafa

Nurul Hashimah Ahamed Hassain

Yu-N

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The development of Web 2.0 has improved people's ability to share their opinions. These opinions serve as an important piece of knowledge for other reviewers. To figure out what the opinions is all about, an automatic system of analysis is needed. Aspect-based sentiment analysis is the most important research topic conducted to extract reviewers-opinions about certain attribute, for instance opinion-target (aspect). In aspect-based tasks, the identification of the implicit aspect such as aspects implicitly implied in a review, is the most challenging task to accomplish. However, this paper strives to identify the implicit aspects based on hierarchical algorithm incorporated with common-sense knowledge by means of dimensionality reduction.

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Publication Date

Tue Jun 18 2024

Journal Name

2024 Ieee 33rd International Symposium On Industrial Electronics (isie)

An Adaptive Integral Sliding Mode Control for Disturbed Servo Motor Systems

Servo motors

position-tracking control

adaptive integral sliding mode control (AISMC)

bidirectional adaptive law

chattering reduction

robustness.

Kamran

Kamal

Zhenwei

Zhihong

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Abstract-Servo motors are important parts of industry automation due to their several advantages such as cost and energy efficiency, simple design, and flexibility. However, the position control of the servo motor is a difficult task because of different factors of external disturbances, nonlinearities, and uncertainties. To tackle these challenges, an adaptive integral sliding mode control (AISMC) is proposed, in which a novel bidirectional adaptive law is constructed to reduce the control chattering. The proposed control has three steps to be designed. Firstly, a full-order integral sliding manifold is designed to improve the servo motor position tracking performance, in which the reaching phase is eliminated to achieve the invariance of

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(1)

Publication Date

Sun May 01 2022

Journal Name

Expert Systems With Applications

Novel large scale brain network models for EEG epileptic pattern generations

Low and high gamma EEG EEG seizure-like signal Connectome-based brain network modelling Temporal dynamics of Stefanescu-Jirsa 2D TVB

Auhood

Bo

Peng

Yan

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Background: Unlike normal EEG patterns, the epileptiform abnormal pattern is characterized by different mor phologies such as the high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) of ripples on spikes, spikes and waves, continuous and sporadic spikes, and ploy2 spikes. Several studies have reported that HFOs can be novel biomarkers in human epilepsy study. S) Method: To regenerate and investigate these patterns, we have proposed three large scale brain network models (BNM by linking the neural mass model (NMM) of Stefanescu-Jirsa 2D (S-J 2D) with our own structural con nectivity derived from the realistic biological data, so called, large-scale connectivity connectome. These models include multiple network connectivity of brain regions at different

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