The present work concerns with simulating unsteady state equilibrium model for production of methyl oleate (biodiesel) from reaction of oleic acid with methanol using sulfuric acid as a catalyst in batch reactive distillation. MESHR equations of equilibrium model were solved using MATLAB (R2010a). The validity of simulation model was tested by comparing the simulation results with a data available in literature. UNIQUAC liquid phase activity coefficient model is the most appropriate model to describe the non-ideality of OLAC-MEOH-MEOL-H2O system. The chemical reactions rates results from EQ model indicating the rates are controlled by chemical kinetics. Several variables was studied such as molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid 4:1, 6:1 and 8:1, amount of catalyst 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 g sulfuric acid/g oleic acid, reaction time 36, 57 and 75 minutes, and reaction temperature 100, 120 and 130oC. Taguchi method based on signal to noise ratio was used to determine the best operating conditions for biodiesel production.
Fullerene nanotube was synthesized in this research by pyrolysis of plastic waste Polypropylene (PP) at 1000 ° C for two hours in a closed reactor made from stainless steel using molybdenum oxide (MoO3) as a catalyst and nitrogen gas. The resultant carbon was purified and characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The surface characteristics of C60 nanotubes were observed with the Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The carbon is evenly spread and has the highest concentration from SEM-EDX characterization. The result of XRD and FESEM shows that C60 nanotubes are present in Nano figures, synthesized at 1000 ° C and with pyrolysis tempera
... Show MoreWere arranged this study on two sections, which included first section comparison between markets proposed through the use of transport models and the use of the program QSB for less costs , dependant the optimal solution to chose the suggested market to locate new market that achieve lower costs in the transport of goods from factories (ALRasheed ,ALAmeen , AlMaamun ) to points of sale, but the second part has included comparison of all methods of transport (The least cost method ,Vogels method , Results Approximations method , Total method) depending on the agenda of transport, which includes the market proposed selected from the first section and choose the way in which check the solution first best suited in terms
... Show MoreThis study aimed to identify the extent of teachers' application of professional standards from the point of view of supervisors and detecting differences in the means of their estimates that may be attributed to the variables of the study (sex, number of years of service, educational qualification).The study adopted a descriptive approach. In order to achieve the aims of the study, a questionnaire including four areas, namely: (professional features, academic knowledge and pedagogy, teaching and learning, and professional development) was constructed.
The questionnaire was applied to a population which consisted of 60 supervisors of all school subjects in the Directorates of Education in
... Show MoreThis research has tackled a scientific figure belongs to Koofi grammatical school. He is Abdullah Al-Tuaal who has occupied the fourth layer among the Koofi grammarians. There was a confusion between him and another Koofi grammarian from the same layer (Mohammed Bin Qaadim) in some old references. This research has clarified this confusion to affirm that they are two different grammarians.This research also tackles the scientific status of Al-Tuaal and the grammatical views that have been ascribed to him in addition to the analysis and discussion of these views. All this in the light of what has been mentioned in grammar books about the issues in which these views were stated.
The present study examines the extraction of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) from a contaminated soil by washing process. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution were used as extractants. Soil washing is one of the most suitable in-situ/ ex-situ remediation method in removing heavy metals. Soil was artificially contaminated with 500 mg/kg (Pb , Cd and Ni ). A set of batch experiments were carried out at different conditions of extractant concentration , contact time, pH and agitation speed. The results showed that the maximum removal efficiencies of (Cd, Pb and Ni ) were (97, 88 and 24 )&nbs
... Show MoreThe study aimed to identify how to raise grateful children from an Islamic educational perspective. For that objective to be achieved, the researcher used both of deductive and descriptive approaches using the method of documentary research. The study's results show that children are the real wealth of the community and the foundation of cultural building; therefore, paying attention their raising is a responsibility that must be shared by everyone; gratitude is part parcel of the Islamic doctrine, which is one of the greatest virtues; the virtue of gratitude is the attitude of the believers which in turn strengthens the bonds and expands the network of positive social relationships; It is also considered a cultural significance
... Show MoreMedia is one of the main and effective factors; and it is a tool of crisis management equipment. Media is one of the most dangerous, effective and decisive weapons in modern conflicts; a tool for making events and influencing their events and trends as a means of reporting as the enormous capabilities of media which help media to move very quickly, and cross borders; and overcome obstacles, through many means of audio, reading and visual. As its ability, moreover, to influence the psychological and intellectual control of communities, and behaviors.
Intelligent media is, then, used in crises management and coverage. Crises have been existed with the presence of man on Earth. Thei
... Show MoreThe removal of Anit-Inflammatory drugs, namely; Acetaminophen (ACTP), from wastewater by bulk liquid membrane (BLM) process using Aliquat 336 (QCl) as a carrier was investigated. The effects of several parameters on the extraction efficiency were studied in this research, such as the initial feed phase concentration (10-50) ppm of ACTP, stripping phase (NaCl) concentration (0.3,0.5,0.7 M), temperature (30-50oC), the volume ratio of feed phase to membrane phase (200-400ml/80ml), agitation speed of the feed phase (75-125 rpm), membrane stirring speed (0, 100, 150 rpm), carrier concentration (1, 5, 9 wt%), the pH of feed (2, 4, 6, 8, 10), and solvent type (CCl4 and n-Heptane). The study shows that high ext
... Show MoreThis research has been prepared to isolate and diagnose one of the most important vegetable oils from the plant medical clove is the famous with Alaeugenol oil and used in many pharmaceuticals were the isolation process using a technique ultrasonic extraction and distillation technology simple
In the present study, a low cost adsorbent is developed from the naturally available sawdust
which is biodegradable. The removal capacity of chromium(VI) from the synthetically prepared
industrial effluent of electroplating and tannery industrial is obtained.
Two modes of operation are used, batch mode and fixed bed mode. In batch experiment the
effect of Sawdust dose (4- 24g/L) with constant initial chromium(VI) concentration of 50 mg/L and
constant particle size less than1.8 mm were studied.
Batch kinetics experiments showed that the adsorption rate of chromium(VI) ion by Sawdust
was rapid and reached equilibrium within 120 min. The three models (Freundlich, Langmuir and
Freundlich-Langmuir) were fitted to exper