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Preparations of Organoclay Using Cationic Surfactant and Characterization of PVC/ (Bentonite and Organoclay) Composite Prepared via Melt Blending Method
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Calcium-Montmorillonite (bentonite) [Ca-MMT] has been prepared via cation exchange reaction using benzalkonium chloride [quaternary ammonium] as a surfactant to produce organoclay which is used to prepare polymer composites. Functionalization of this filler surface is very important factor for achieving good interaction between filler and polymer matrix. Basal spacing and functional groups identification of this organoclay were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy respectively.  The (XRD) results showed that the basal spacing of the treated clay (organoclay) with the benzalkonium chloride increased to 15.17213 0A, this represents an increment of about 77.9% in the basal spacing. FTIR spectra illustrate that benzalkonium chloride compound was successfully intercalated in to clay layers. The results confirm the effectiveness of the synthesis of organoclay with similar characteristics compared to those ones observed in the bentonite. The features were obtained by a simple process and enable interaction with organic compounds (polymers and plastic). PVC/bentonite composite and PVC/organoclay composite were prepared by the melt intercalation method .The results have been analyzed and compared for PVC samples with (3wt%, 7wt% and 12wt %) bentonite and organoclay micro filler .Mechanical properties, thermal properties, flammability and water absorption percentage of prepared samples were tested. Mechanical characteristic such as tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness and impact strength (charpy type) were measured for all samples, where the tensile strength and elongation at break of PVC composites increased with increasing organoclay loading compared with unmodified bentonite. Also, the hardness and impact strength of the composites increase with increase in filler content. Thermal properties of PVC/ (bentonite, organoclay) composites were characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and thermal conductivity analyzer. The results showed Tg shifted toward higher temperature for all type of filler compared to neat PVC. Also, thermal conductivity measurement values illustrated that PVC/bentonite composites have a good thermal insulation at 12wt%, thermal conductivity was decreased from 0.222 W/m.K for neat PVC to 0.11 W/m.K at 12wt% PVC/bentonite composites. Organoclay give the best possible water absorbability of the PVC, with other word making it moisture resistant .The higher the filler content the higher burning time, the lower rate of burning and the lower height of the flame which are evident at 12wt% for all fillers.

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 10 2021
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Using of Index Biological Integrity of Phytoplankton (P-IBI) in the Assessment of Water Quality in Don River Section
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       The multimetric Phytoplankton Index of Biological Integrity (P-IBI) was applied throughout Rostov on Don city (Russia) on 8 Locations in Don River from April – October 2019. The P-IBI is composed from seven metrics: Species Richness Index (SRI), Density of Phytoplankton and total biomass of phytoplankton and Relative Abundance (RA) for blue-green Algae, Green Algae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenaphyceae Algae. The average P-IBI values fell within the range of (45.09-52.4). Therefore, water throughout the entire study area was characterized by the equally "poor" quality. Negative points of anthropogenic impact detected at the stations are: Above the city of Rostov-on-Don (1 km, higher duct Aksai) was 38.57 i

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Publication Date
Mon Feb 28 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The Reality Of Using Educational Technology In Teaching Mathematics From The Point Of View Of Mathematics Teachers In Amman
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The study aims to identify the reality of the use of educational technology in the teaching of mathematics from the point of view of mathematics teachers in Amman, where the researcher used the descriptive survey method. The sample included (67) female teachers working in public schools in Amman. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the questionnaire as a tool to collect data. The study concluded that many educational techniques are not available from the point of view of the study sample. Mathematics teachers also found that there are many obstacles that prevent the use of educational techniques in schools, most notably the lack of courses offered to teachers on the use of teaching techniques in teaching

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Publication Date
Fri Jan 01 2021
Journal Name
Review Of International Geographical Education
Evaluating the performance of project management using network diagrams methods: A case study in the Ramadi Municipality
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This study came for the reason that some project administrations still do not follow the appropriate scientific methods that enable them to perform their work in a manner that achieves the goals for which those projects arise, in addition to exceeding the planned times and costs, so this study aims to apply the methods of network diagrams in Planning, scheduling and monitoring the project of constructing an Alzeuot intersection bridge in the city of Ramadi, as the research sample, being one of the strategic projects that are being implemented in the city of Ramadi, as well as being one of the projects that faced during its implementation Several of problems, the project problem was studied according to scientific methods through the applica

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 18 2020
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper(II) using 2,2[O-Tolidine-4,4-bis azo]bis[4,5-diphenyl imidazole](MBBAI)
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            Spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of copper(II) ion. Synthesized (2,2[O-Tolidine-4,4-bis azo]bis[4,5-diphenyl imidazole]) (MBBAI) was used as chromogenic reagent at pH=5. Various factors affecting complex formation, such as, pH effect, reagent concentration, time effect and temperature effect, have been considered and studied. Under optimum conditions concentration ranged from (5.00-80.00) µg/mL of copper(II) obeyed Beer`s Low. Maximum absorption of the complex was 409nm with molar absorpitivity 0.127x104 L mol-1 cm-1. Limit of detection(LOD) and Limit of quantification were 1.924 and 6.42 μg/mL, respectively.

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Publication Date
Mon Jun 05 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Estimating the Population Mean in Stratified Random Sampling Using Combined Regression with the Presence of Outliers
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In this research, the covariance estimates were used to estimate the population mean in the stratified random sampling and combined regression estimates. were compared by employing the robust variance-covariance matrices estimates with combined regression estimates by employing the traditional variance-covariance matrices estimates when estimating the regression parameter, through the two efficiency criteria (RE) and mean squared error (MSE). We found that robust estimates significantly improved the quality of combined regression estimates by reducing the effect of outliers using robust covariance and covariance matrices estimates (MCD, MVE) when estimating the regression parameter. In addition, the results of the simulation study proved

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Publication Date
Sat Jun 30 2018
Journal Name
Kufa Journal For Agricultural Sciences
Effect of numbers of blades and speed of tillage in the performance of the rotavator plow
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Experiment Factorial conducted with two factor in field texture silt clay loam soil, the first factor were Two Rotavator plow which different in number of rotary blades on flanges, weight, width, made and type, the second factor were four speeds tractor 2.62, 5.10, 7.55, 9.23 km/hr to compare performance two Rotavator under depth 12 cm and knowledge slippage, distance between beat blades, practical productivity, disturbed soil volume, percentage of the soil clods which have diameter less than 5 cm under complete block design with three replications using Least Significant Design 0.05. Results showed Galucho Rotavator recorder the higher practical productivity 0>7089 ha/hr, disturbed soil volume 809.8 m3/hr, percentage of the soil clods 96.1

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 04 2012
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Levels of Elements in Milk and Yoghurt
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This study aimed to know the concentration of elements content in dairy products. Nine samples collected from the local market in Baghdad, two samples of milk and seven of yoghurt.The results were followed: The ratio of Aluminum In Aluminum cans That is used for storage milk and industrialize yoghurt is about 95.5% ,this ratio is against [1] which said that pureness of Aluminum used in Aluminum cans should not be less than 98-99% . and the ratio of Cadmium reached to 0.001% which is also against [1] which assure that the Aluminum cans should be clean from that element, mean while the concentration of Iron, Copper and Zinc were within the standard level. The highest concentration of Iron was in treatment B2(canon yoghurt)it was 9.95 m

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 01 2007
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Design and Analysis of New Prosthetic Foot.
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There is a variety of artificial foot designs variable for use with prosthetic legs . Most of the design can be divided into two classes, articulated and non-articulated feet. one common non-articulated foot is the SACH . The solid ankle cushion heel foot referred to as the SACH foot has a rigid keel .

One key or the key factor in designing a new prosthesis is in the analysis of a patients response .

 This view is the most important because if the foot does not provide functional , practical or cosmetically acceptable characteristics the patient will not feel comfortable with the prosthesis , therefore design and manufacturing a new foot is essential, this foot made from polyethylene, its different shape and characte

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 01 2002
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Physics
FLUORESCENCE LIFETIME MEASUREMENT OF C5H6 AND C6D6
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Absorption and lifetime measurements were made for C6H6. and C6D6 molecules in pure solid phase and in solid matrices of Ar, N2, CO, and CO2. All measurement are made at low temperatures ranging between 12-50 K. A modified least square fitting deconvolution was utilized to measure the fluorescence lifetime with an error less than 1%. The results show that the use of matrix isolation technique offer a unique environment that minimize the perturbation of the molecular or atomic system and hence facilitate spectral analysis.

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 10 2021
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis of New Amide and ThioUrease Compounds.
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The reaction of some new Schiff bases ( 2-[(2-Amino – ethylimino)-methyl]-R , 2-({2-[(R-benzylidene)-amino]-ethylimino}-methyl)-R with Benzoyl chloride or Acetyl chloride were carried out. Subsequent reactions of these products N-(2-Amino-ethyl)-N-[Chloro-(R) –methyl]-benzamide or N-(2-{?-[chloro-(R) –methyl]-amino}-ethyl)-N-[chloro-(R) –methyl]- benzamide with thiourea afforded thioureas compounds. The synthesized compounds were confirmed by their IR,UV,spectra and C.H.N. analysis.

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