Nanofluids, liquid suspensions of nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in deionized (DI) water, brine, or surfactant micelles, have become a promising solution for many industrial applications including enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon geostorage. At ambient conditions, nanoparticles can effectively alter the wettability of the strongly oil-wet rocks to water-wet. However, the reservoir conditions present the greatest challenge for the success of this application at the field scale. In this work, the performance of anionic surfactant-silica nanoparticle formulation on wettability alteration of oil-wet carbonate surface at reservoir conditions was investigated. A high-pressure temperature vessel was used to apply nano-modification of oil-wet calcite sample at subsurface conditions (20 MPa, and 70°C). Moreover, to simulate all the potential scenarios inside the oil reservoirs, various concentrations of nanoparticles, surfactant, and salinities were tested. Contact angle measurements on calcite substrates and spontaneous imbibition test on limestone cores were performed to both the natural and modified (oil-wet) samples to consider the effect of heterogeneity and rock complexity on surface wettability. The results showed that formulations of Sodium Dodecylsulfate-silica nanoparticles can alter the wettability of oil-wet calcite to strongly water-wet at reservoir conditions. Further, the spontaneous imbibition data confirmed the role of nano-suspension to render the oil-wet pores to intermediate and water-wet. The findings of this study provide new insights into nanofluids applications for enhanced oil recovery and carbon geo-storage.
This study comprised three traverses extending parallel through the Northern, Central and Southern Mahmudiya districts, and perpendicular to the course of the Euphrates River. They were identified to collect (15) soil samples and some water samples as distributed within the land cover classes of the study area. Those classes were determined by visual interpretation and supervised classification for Landsat (TM) images obtained in August/2007. The digital classification was based on Maximum Likelihood method using six spectral bands excluding the thermal band. Chemical and physical laboratory analysis for the soil characteristics was performed to determine the types of land degradation in the study area.
The results showed that the hig
The Histo-mrphology were directed on the pneumonic alveoli of 6 male goats. The respiratory portion is composed of typical cuboidal epithelial cells with Clara cell, however, alveolar ducts are lined by simple squamous epithelium and alveoli were generally circular structures that opened into the alveolar conduits and alveolar sacs or respiratory bronchioles. Alveoli were made out of two kinds of cells for example Type-I pneumocytes and Type-II pneumocytes. Previous framed the mainlining epithelial cells of alveoli which were squamous in sort having noticeable perinuclear territory and central found the core, while the last were cuboidal fit as a fiddle with the midway found core and periodically found among the Sort I cells in the
... Show MoreBiological samples of mother's milk were collected from Iraqi southern provinces(Basrah,Messan,al-Muthana,Thikar)and Baghdad province to measure uranium concentration of the samples by using track technique of fission fragments as a result from uranium atom fission with thermal neutrons from neutrons source 24 I Am-Be with activity 16Ci and neutron flux of 5000 n/cm2.s on using nuclear track detector CR-39 It was found that the high percentage of depleted uranium concentration on the samples from Muthana province , which accounted as 4.183ppm therefore the samples was taken from the provinces (Thikar,Basrah,Baghdad),which was accounted the depleted uranium concentration as following (1.243,2.172,2.875) ppm respectively, with appear a small
... Show MoreStudy Purpose. highlighting the origins of the sport's philosophy. Studying the development of the sport of kendo across different historical periods and its adaptation to societal and cultural changes. Identifying the establishment of the most prominent organizations and federations that contributed to its development, and exploring the sport's basic tools and rules and its most prominent championships. Materials and Methods. The historical approach was adopted in studying the historical process of the development of kendo, as it is appropriate to the nature of the problem. The information has been simplified and presented in a sequential manner that presents the development of the sport of kendo, starting from the origins of its p
... Show MoreIraq has suffered since 1991 from international sanctions imposed on it by the dictatorial regime that existed at the time, invading Kuwait, which led to the decline of the status of Iraq and the isolation of international and regional (Arab) and clear Iraq as a strange entity living within its regional environment, after April 2003 did not change much In fact, there were no signs of détente before the Arab League summit in Baghdad in 2011, and the signs of a break in the stalemate in inter-relations over the past years have become evident. Disruption and refraction was not high (Islamic Republic of Iran, Turkey, Syrian Arab Republic, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait). Each side is governed by perceptions about Iraq, es
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