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Compact free-electron lasers as enablers of beyond-6G and quantum communication systems
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Free-electron lasers (FELs) are disruptive light sources that offer ultrashort pulses, wide spectral tunability, and superior coherence, making them promising candidates for next-generation photonic technologies. However, conventional FEL facilities are large-scale and complex, limiting their integration into communication systems. This study investigates the potential of compact FELs as scalable and versatile light sources for beyond-6G and quantum communication infrastructures. A theoretical framework was established to model resonance conditions, gain dynamics, coherence properties, pulse-duration-limited bit rates, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). These models were implemented in MATLAB simulations using parameters representative of state-of-the-art compact FEL prototypes. The results demonstrate that compact FELs provide: broad tunability from the terahertz to the X-ray regime through variation of beam energy and undulator period; high small-signal gain, strongly dependent on beam current, enabling efficient amplification; petabit-per-second bit rates, achievable with attosecond-scale pulses; and superior SNR performance, sustaining values above 80 dB even at low power levels, ensuring secure and reliable transmission. Collectively, these findings confirm that compact FELs combine ultrashort pulse generation, high coherence, and multi-band operation, making them cornerstone technologies for future ultra-fast and quantum-secure communication networks. While challenges remain in efficiency, beam stability, and integration, ongoing advances in laser–plasma accelerators, dielectric undulators, and hybrid photonic systems provide promising pathways toward practical implementation.

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 01 2025
Journal Name
Aip Conference Proceedings
Biofilm formation rate measurement in water and biomedical systems using photometric smartphones applications
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Publication Date
Wed Aug 15 2018
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Study the Dissociation Enthalpies for R134a Clathrate Hydrate in Binary and Ternary Systems
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In the present work the clathrate hydrate dissociation enthalpies of refrigerant R134a+ water system, and R134a + water + salt system were determined. The heat of dissociation of three types of aqueous salts solutions of NaCl, KBr and NaF at three concentrations (0.09, 0.17and 0.26) mol·kg−1 for each salt type, were enthalpy measured. The Clapeyron equation was used tocalculate heat of dissociation of experimental data for binary and ternary system.In order to find the effect of compressibility factor on heat dissociation enthalpy, the study was conducted by using equation of state proposed by Peng and Robinson Stryjek-Vera (PRSV). The obtained results of dissociation enthalpy for binary system were (143.8) kJ.mol-1

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2024
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Investigate IPD Factors' Effect on Value Engineering for the Communication Sector in Iraq
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Integrated project delivery is collaboratively applying the skills and knowledge of all participants to optimize the project's results, increase owner value, decrease waste, and maximize efficiency during the design, fabrication, and construction processes. This study aims to determine IPD criteria positively impacting value engineering. To do this, the study has considered 9 main criteria according to PMP classification that already covers all project phases and 183 sub-criteria obtained from theoretical study and expert interviews (fieldwork). In this study, the SPSS (V26) program was used to analyze the main criteria and sub-criteria priorities from top to bottom according to their values of the Relative Importance In

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Publication Date
Tue Sep 29 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Comparison of enamel color alteration between bonded and free unbonded surfaces of maxillary anterior teeth after fixed orthodontic therapy (A prospective clinical study)
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Background: The purpose of this study is to compare the color changes between the bonded middle third and the unbonded gingival and incisal thirds, fallowing fixed orthodontic treatment Material and method: The color parameter l, a, b has been recorded for each thirds in upper anterior teeth by mean of easy shad device. The has been calculated for gingival, middle and incisal thirds for the upper anterior teeth in 34 patient, 17 males and 17femals, those subject undergone fixed orthodontic treatment Results: The in middle bonded third is highly significant higher than that in incise and gingival thirds p<0.01 because the middle third isn’t expose to oral fluid and dental brushing since it covered by the bracket. Also there

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 01 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages
Free will between Slavery and Freedom: A Study of Linda Brent in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs
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Harriet Jacobs was a writer and a reformer. As a female writer in the nineteenth century, Jacobs wrote her narrative as a means of resisting the system of slavery. She wrote her book Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself, (1842) to reflect upon the exploitation of the black people and the need to change the hierarchal attitude that governs white/black relations. She was engaged in many abolitionist events and her anti-slavery approach appeared clearly in her writings. She shares Du Bios ideas about freedom and emancipation and the need for a political and cultural change. Thus, Du Bois’s theory provides a framework for her autobiographical novel where she portrays Linda Brent, the main character, a strong wille

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Publication Date
Mon Sep 02 2024
Journal Name
Journal Of The American Oil Chemists' Society
Direct application of tungstosilicic acid hydrate for the treatment of high free fatty acid in acidic crude palm oil and for biodiesel production
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Abstract<p>This study explored the use of industrial acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) for biodiesel production, facing a significant obstacle due to its high free fatty acid (FFA) content, which complicates the biodiesel production process. Typically, esterification is employed to convert FFAs into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Herein, the effectiveness of tungstosilicic acid hydrate (TSAH) as an unsupported heteropoly acid (HPA) catalyst for FFA esterification in ACPO was investigated. The FFA content was reduced from 8.43% to 0.95% under optimum conditions (4 wt% catalyst dosage, a methanol to oil molar ratio of 10:1, 150 min and a temperature of 60°C). Noteworthy, the TSAH catalyst showed stability over 7</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Wed Jun 01 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
Free will between Slavery and Freedom: A Study of Linda Brent in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs
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Harriet Jacobs was a writer and a reformer. As a female writer in the nineteenth century, Jacobs wrote her narrative as a means of resisting the system of slavery. She wrote her book Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself, (1842) to reflect upon the exploitation of the black people and the need to change the hierarchal attitude that governs white/black relations. She was engaged in many abolitionist events and her anti-slavery approach appeared clearly in her writings. She shares Du Bios ideas about freedom and emancipation and the need for a political and cultural change. Thus, Du Bois’s theory provides a framework for her autobiographical novel where she portrays Linda Brent, the main character, a strong w

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Flexible Genetic Algorithm Based Optimal Power Flow of Power Systems
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Nowadays, the power plant is changing the power industry from a centralized and vertically integrated form into regional, competitive and functionally separate units. This is done with the future aims of increasing efficiency by better management and better employment of existing equipment and lower price of electricity to all types of customers while retaining a reliable system. This research is aimed to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. The OPF is used to minimize the total generations fuel cost function. Optimal power flow may be single objective or multi objective function. In this thesis, an attempt is made to minimize the objective function with keeping the voltages magnitudes of all load buses, real outp

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Publication Date
Sun Jul 09 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
The Impact of Construction Systems Technology in Contemporary Architectural Product
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This research examines the impact of construction technology systems in contemporary architectural production through the study of the evolution in it systems, construction materials and methods of construction in addition to the digital revolution which provided possibilities of structural and architectural design in creating a distinct architectural product, as considered construction systems technology is the source of creativity in the architectural product, the research is assumed that the construction systems technology have achieved a structural innovation in production through the materials and methods of construction and digital design.
For Long time technology was connected to the

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 30 2021
Journal Name
The Journal Of Contemporary Issues In Business And Government
The Role of Servant Leadership in Developing Management Information Systems
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The research aims to test the impact of servant leadership in management information systems, as well as to identify the level of servant leadership practice and management information systems in the Directorate of Communications and Information Systems in the Iraqi Ministry of Interior, in terms of the importance of the research variables to the directorate and the sample community, as the research adopted the exploratory analytical descriptive approach In his achievement, through a survey of the opinions of an intended quota sample of (266) individuals, By adopting the questionnaire as a main tool for data collection that includes (44) items divided into the two research variables, As well as conducting open interviews to identify the pro

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