A new class of biologically active nanocomposites and modified polymers based on poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with some organic compounds [II, IV, V and VI] were synthesized using silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). All compounds were synthesized using nucleophilic substitution interactions and characterized by FTIR, DSC and TGA. The biological activity of the modified polymers was evaluated against: gram (+) (staphylococcus aureus) and gram (-): (Es cherichia coli bacteria). Antimicrobial films are developed based on modified poly (vinyl alcohol) MPVA and Ag-NPs nanoparticles. The nanocomposites and modified polymers showed better antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (Gram negative) than against Staphyloc

The administrative authority (the administration) exercises its activity or work through two forms of business. This administrative act in which the intention of the administrative authority (the administration) is to have a specific legal effect. The risk, and whether the administration is restricted or discretionary in exercising its authority in the licensing area, it must not deviate from the legitimacy framework.

Accordingly, and to be informed of this, we divide our study into three sections, in the first of which we deal with the definition of administrative licenses, and in the second of it we explain the competent authority for administrative licenses in comparative law, and in the third we highlight the authority concer

      Using three-point bending experiments,  the effect of the particle size of SiO₂ on the flexural properties of epoxy composites was investigated. Young modulus and flexural strength were studied for different weight percentage of filler  (2,4,6,8 and 10) wt%.The size of SiO₂ particles varied from micro (100um) to nano (12nm) .

Flexural strength and  Young modul were found to increase with the filler content, but when the particle size decreased to the nanoscale, the  Young module  increased. Flexural strength was higher for microcomposites than nanocomposites.

Contemporary life is racing against time in its temptations and variables, and it has become shaped and changed in an amazing way in its various aspects and fields. This was facilitated by intellectual and scientific communication between civilizations, and the rapid progression in successive inventions and discoveries in the fields of science and arts of knowledge. This contributed to a great economic and commercial renaissance. Then, these economic developments entered the world into a very strong competition, which forced producers to calculate all production costs, to reach the highest profits by reducing the price of the produced commodity on the one hand, and achieving quality in appearance (especially) on the other hand. Since the ma

     Dental amalgam is a mixture of approximately 50% mercury and varying ratios of silver, tin, zinc, and copper. Dental amalgam is a major source of mercury pollution because it is readily absorbed through 90-100% vapour and the oral mucosa. In addition, in certain situations with the oral environment, various types of metallic orthodontic brackets are highly aggressive and can lead to corrosion. However, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) material has no cytogenetic effects on human health or the environment and is therefore applied in the manufacturing of the new composite material. Different additives from the bonding agent (PVA; 2.4, 4.8, and 7.2 g)  dissolved in about 10 ml of water, heated on a hot plate under a hig

At the beginning of the twentieth century distorting handling totalitarian phenomena of art, which can be called the stage of the test, transition from the theory of ideal theory and other realistic is not cushy, since it requires vision and reading and other concepts, and in light of this dialectic manifested research problem by asking the following Is affected by the design idealism and realism. Through the above mentioned questions, the researcher found rationale for addressing this problem, the study through his research, which is marked (idealism and realism in a comparative study design). And demonstrated the importance of research in the identification of the concept and the effectiveness of the two theories idealism and realism a

    Judicial jurisprudence is one of the important legal solutions to address the shortcomings of legislation. Throughout its long history, human societies have known many cases in which the judge finds himself facing a legislative vacuum in addition to civil legal texts that are difficult for the judge to implement due to ambiguity or contradiction, which requires diligence. To rule on resolving disputes before him in order not to deny justice, but the judge in his jurisprudence was not absolute, but rather bound by certain controls represented by observing the wisdom of legislation on the one hand and taking into account the nature of the texts on the other side, and from here this research came to shed light on the juri

Judicial jurisprudence is one of the important legal solutions to address the shortcomings of legislation. Throughout its long history, human societies have known many cases in which the judge finds himself facing a legislative vacuum in addition to civil legal texts that are difficult for the judge to implement due to ambiguity or contradiction, which requires diligence. To rule on resolving disputes before him in order not to deny justice, but the judge in his jurisprudence was not absolute, but rather bound by certain controls represented by observing the wisdom of legislation on the one hand and taking into account the nature of the texts on the other side, and from here this research came to shed light on the jurisprudence and its cont

Exercising the universal jurisdiction requires having in place some national legislations. If the legal principle is generally agreed upon at the international level, this does not prevent nations from passing some internal or local legislations that may enable the national courts to enforce the universal jurisdiction.  Transcending the philosophical and theoretical frameworks of any principle will

      This paper, entitled “The Conditions of Exercising Universal Jurisdiction: A Comparative Study”, tackles the conditions and requirements of exercising universal jurisdiction in both subjective and objective aspects, in the Iraqi penal code and the international laws under comparison.

Criminal prescription is a legal idea that we find its applications in most laws, It means that a period of time has passed since the occurrence of the crime, which is called the prescription of the criminal case or the crime, or the lapse of a period of time since the issuance of a final judgment in the criminal case, and it is called the prescription of the penalty, the lapse of the prescribed period will result in the expiry of the criminal case in the first case, and the lapse of the penalty imposed in the second case. This system has been found since ancient times in the legislation of countries with their various legal and political systems because of its practical considerations, the most important of which is achieving legal stab