The theory of probabilistic programming  may be conceived in several different ways. As a method of programming it analyses the implications of probabilistic variations in the parameter space of linear or nonlinear programming model. The generating mechanism of such probabilistic variations in the economic models may be due to incomplete information about changes in demand, pro­duction and technology, specification errors about the econometric relations presumed for different economic agents, uncertainty of various sorts and the consequences of imperfect aggregation or disaggregating of economic variables. In this Research we discuss the probabilistic programming problem when the coefficient b_i is random variable

Abstract:

    The achievement of agricultural development provide food security and to form a basis for economic growth and comprehensive social, requires a number of actions to overcome the obstacles and problems facing the development of this economic sector, to make it able to achieve food security and operation of the workforce, and reduce dependence on the outside in the provision of food peripherals, and so it is only available through the highest degree of efficiency and economic mobilization of resources, so most of the developed and developing countries alike seek to achieve sustainable agricultural development tobacco meet the food requirements and good jobs for c

                     The current research aims to know the method and strategy of rainstorming for students to open the door towards innovation and creativity in the field of teaching the subject of geography and the importance of brainstorming method and the studies that touched on it. The study also dealt with the steps of teaching the method of brainstorming and the most important (traditional and modern), and the difficulties of using the method of brainstorming in the teaching process, as well as explained the guidance to improve teaching using the method of brainstorming in the teaching p

Abstract: The premise of the study is that populism is a process of building political views and critical intellectual orientations among the general public. It is transformed into mass beliefs by mobilizing the society ideologically and continuously in order to reach or control the circle of authority. We distributed the study topics to four sections: In the second, we will discuss the contents of contemporary populism and how other forms of populism evolved historically. The third is to discuss the political discourse of populism among the military regimes and the comparative Islamic parties in the Middle East, especially in terms of the essence and the intellectual foundations. The fourth section seeks to examine the characteristics o

This research aims to test the relationship between "relational leadership as an independent variable and organizational energy as a dependent variable. The current research variables are among the recent and important variables for the development of organizations, and for the purpose of explaining the relationship and influence between the variables, a set of goals has been formulated, including providing the interested and scientific and theoretical information explaining the nature of the variables The research, and the extent to which its causes are reflected in the research sample to increase the interest of the research organization’s organization and make it more appropriate to the required performance in light of a cha

 This study attempts to address the importance of communicative digitization in the field of various arts for the sake of continuity of shopping and aesthetic, artistic and intellectual appreciation of artistic achievements by the recipient on various places of their residence in light of the COVID 19 crisis, and to highlight the importance of the plastic arts of the Iraqi painter exclusively and how it expresses in a contemporary way the environment or life reality in Iraq in light of this crisis. With all its implications affecting the life reality from various aspects and methods of its negative and positive employment. As for the research procedures, the researcher reviewed the research methodology represented by the descriptive ana

Study of Direct Marketing techniques and determining the scope of the suitability of each of them in the application in the Iraqi market - An analytical and explorative study for sample of views for wholesaler in Baghdad. The essential idea of the research is to go into the most important concepts which have been mentioned in the direct marketing and determining its current and most important techniques and knowing the scope of applying these techniques in Baghdad main markets (Karrada, Jamilah, shorja, Baya area, zeyouna and new Baghdad) and which of those techniques most applicable in these markets. The research took a sample of (100) wholesalers who practice the activities of selling nutritional items, auto and outs spare part

Management Representations Letter plays a significant role as an evidence to get conclusions the Auditor is looking for. These conclusions could show the professional opinion of auditor over the fairness and integrity of financial statements for many issues and numbers that management claims, Hereby, the research aims at highlighting the importance of Management Representations Letter and the way of using as an evidence with expressing its meaning and means of application in addition to identify the Responsibility of Auditor on that Letter, This research discusses also the effect of Management Representations Letter on the credibility of financial statement and enhancing the credibility of the submitted reports, From other side, in the t

This research deals with number of novels for Marguerit Doras , specially A Bridge Towards Basfic and The Lover . we specialize the first chapter for discussing a very important issue , which is the Maraguerit Doras novelist world in another word the most important themes . that we discuss and through that we tried to clerify the privacy the characters of Marguerit Doras in comparative with her own generation and in the second chapter we discussed the most important characteristics of the romantic hero spedially the characteristics of women in her novels.

This research was dealing with the aesthetic impact of encryption in form and content and aesthetic implications in the design of contemporary fabrics. That's where the design of the cloth is linked to the continuous development and continuous innovation and the pursuit of the all-new innovative designs and at the same time an unmarked Cryptographic with semantics and symbols reflect reality aesthetically pleasing and contains four chapters on the research :The first chapter discusses the research problem and its significance is the current quest ( encryption in form and content in contemporary designs fabrics and aesthetic implications ) in that it shows the importance of encryption in the design of fabrics and foundation design configu