Antibiotic resistance is the major growing threat facing the pharmacological treatment of bacterial infections. Therefore, bioprospecting the medicinal plants could provide potential sources for antimicrobial agents. Mimusops, the biggest and widely distributed plant genus of family Sapotaceae, is used in traditional medicines due to its promising pharmacological activities. This study was conducted to elucidate the antimicrobial effect of three unexplored Mimusops spp. (M. kummel, M. laurifolia and M. zeyheri). Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying such antibacterial activity were studied. The Mimusops leaf extracts revealed significant antibacterial activities against the five tested bacterial strains with a maximum inhibition zone diameter of 22.0 mm against B. subtilis compared with standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentration values against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains ranged from 3.15-12.5 µg/ml. However, weak antifungal effect was recorded against Candida albicans with MIC value ˃25 µg/ml. The 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed that M. caffra was the best antioxidant (IC50=14.75±0.028 µg/ml), while M. laurifolia was the least one (IC50=34.22±0.014 µg/ml). The phenolics in plant leaves extracts were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which revealed the presence of seven phenolic acids and four flavonoids. The abundant phenolic compounds were rutin (5.216±0.067 mg/g dried wt.) and gallic acid (0.296±0.068 mg/g) followed by myricetin (0.317±0.091 mg/g) then kaempferol (0.113±0.049 mg/g) as flavonoids. The antibacterial mechanism of M. laurifolia extract, as a representative species, induces ultrastructural changes in the model bacterium Staphylococcus aureus with cell wall and plasma membrane lysis as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Overall, Mimusops species (M. laurifolia, M. kummel and M. zeyheri) are promising natural alternative sources for antimicrobial agents.
الخلاصة
تتناول هذه الورقة مخططات وسياسات الاستيطان في الضفة الغربية والقدس الشرقية منذ العام 1967، عبر سياسات قادها حزب العمل وأكملها حزب الليكود وكاديما وبقية الأحزاب الإسرائيلية، تلك السياسات التي استهدفت فرض السيطرة السياسية الكاملة على الأرض، وما نتج عن ذلك من سيطرة حصرية على الأرضوتقييد استخداماتها، ومحاصرة الوجود الفلسطيني والتضييق عليه، وتحويل مراكز ال
... Show MoreWomen's rights in social studies and national textbooks in the secondary stage in the light of the international charters of women's rights and the cultural specificity of the Saudi society Abstract The current study focuses on exploring women rights that required to be involved in social studies and national textbooks in the secondary stage in the light of international conventions on women's rights and cultural specificity of the Saudi society, as well as to reveal the teachers and educational supervisors' estimation about the degree of importance of those components included in the books, and then build a matrix of the range and sequence of women's rights in the books of social studies and national in the secondary stage. The study us
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Hence, Iraq is not an exception to this rule, and the process of evaluating its interests and the objectives of its foreign policy is subject to the pattern of awareness of decision-makers and the influencing forces in defining its basic interests, which often witness some kind of difference in defining them, evaluating their importance and determining the size of the threats they face. And among these interests and threats that have witnessed a difference in the assessment of their
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... Show MoreWitnessing the global arena many changes in the political, economic, social, scientific and technological have left their mark on the world as a whole, these changes require necessarily Advancement of the profession of auditing, and improve their performance, especially after the mixer skepticism the health of approach and the method followed by a check in the major audit firms global view as for the external audit of an active role in providing services to members of the community in various sectors, were to be provide these services to the highest level of quality.To ensure the quality of the audit process to be a proper planning is based on a scientific basis to be the substrate a strong underlying different audit works, and if planni
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... Show MoreThe aim of this study was to measure the effectiveness of a proposed program to develop the creative abilities of the students of Tabuk University and its impact on the creative output of the NEOM project. The sample of the study consisted of (50) university students divided into two groups: an experimental group of 25 students who receive the proposed training program, and control group of (25) students.
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The other is a problematic concept and can be achieved only by the existence of difference and differentiation between human groups in views and views, the other is out of the ego, which is different religiously, politically, socially, culturally, place and language.
We take from the Iraqi feminist novel analytical field to reflect the image of the other in the novelist world, and the models chosen for the study are: the novel granddaughter of American novelist Anaam Kjie Ji, and novel how the sky seemed close to the novelist Batoul al-Khudairi, and novel when you wake up the smell of novelist Dni Ghali, and the rope of the umbilical and the novel Shufuni Shufuni The novel by Samira Al-Manea, the novelist of the novelist Alia Mamdouh,