Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease caused by Leishmania tropica parasite. Current treatments for this parasite are undesirable because of their toxicity, resistance, and high cost. Macrophages are key players against pathogens. Nitric oxide (NO), a molecule produce by immune cells, controls intracellular killing of pathogens during infection. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against various types of infectious diseases. It has the ability to stimulate oxygen species production. This study aims to analyze the macrophages activation through NO production and estimate the cytotoxicity based on the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release upon exposure to L. tropica and Ag NPs. Serially concentrations of Ag NPs were used under two conditions during and following macrophages exposure to L. tropica. MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of Ag NPs on L. tropica amastigotes during infection of macrophages in vitro. The results showed that by increasing the Ag NPs concentrations, the viability percentage of L. tropica amastigotes decreased and reached to 21.7 ± 0.64 % during infection compared with the control. The 50% inhibitory concentration of Ag NPs on amastigotes was 2.048µg/ml during infection. Moreover, post-phagocytosis study involved the assessment of NO and LDH release by macrophages upon exposure to L. tropica. It have shown that untreated macrophages released low levels of NO while in the presence of Ag NPs, macrophages were activated to produce higher levels of NO under all experimental conditions. On the other hand, macrophages were capable of controlling cytotoxicity and decreasing LDH levels during phagocytosis of L. tropica amastiogotes. Taking together, these findings suggest that Ag NPs can enhance macrophages NO production which provides a method for the identification of Ag NPs ligands with microbicidal and anti-cytotoxic properties against L. tropica pathogens.
ZnS nanoparticles were prepared by a simple microwave irradiation method under mild condition. The starting materials for the synthesis of ZnS quantum dots were zinc acetate (R & M Chemical) as zinc source, thioacetamide as a sulfur source and ethylene glycol as a solvent. All chemicals were analytical grade products and used without further purification. The quantum dots of ZnS with cubic structure were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), the morphology of the film is seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The particle size is determined by field effect scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy and XRD. UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy analysis shows that the absorption peak of the as-prep
... Show MoreThis research work involves the preparation of nano activated carbonand macro activated carbon from corn seeds with a various mixing ratio ofpotassium hydroxide (1:0, 1:0.2, 1:0.4, 1:0.6, 1:0.8 and 1:1) % using thermaland micro radiation carbonization to identify the best mixing ratio. At studyto confirmed that the efficiency and effectiveness of the prepared of activatedcarbon samples increase when ratio potassium hydroxide increase with athermal and micro radiation carbonization was used. The study of samplesexternal surface area was performed via studying the adsorption of methyleneblue from their aqueous solution, also measured the internal surface area wasperformed via studying the adsorption of iodine from their aqueous solution.Measu
... Show MoreThe estimation of the parameters of Two Parameters Gamma Distribution in case of missing data has been made by using two important methods: the Maximum Likelihood Method and the Shrinkage Method. The former one consists of three methods to solve the MLE non-linear equation by which the estimators of the maximum likelihood can be obtained: Newton-Raphson, Thom and Sinha methods. Thom and Sinha methods are developed by the researcher to be suitable in case of missing data. Furthermore, the Bowman, Shenton and Lam Method, which depends on the Three Parameters Gamma Distribution to get the maximum likelihood estimators, has been developed. A comparison has been made between the methods in the experimental aspect to find the best meth
... Show MoreThe COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the healthcare sector and the productivity of medical staff and doctors. This study employs machine learning to analyze the post-COVID-19 impact on the productivity of medical staff and doctors across various specialties. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 960 participants from different specialties between June 1, 2022, and April 5, 2023. The study collected demographic data, including age, gender, and socioeconomic status, as well as information on participants' sleeping habits and any COVID-19 complications they experienced. The findings indicate a significant decline in the productivity of medical staff and doctors, with an average reduction of 23% during the post-COVID-19 period. T
... Show MoreThe no parity problem causes determining is the most interesting case by doctors and researchers in this filed, because it helps them to pre-discovering of it, from this point the important of this paper is came, which tries to determine the priority causes and its fluency, thus it helps doctors and researchers to determine the problem and it’s fluency of increase or decrease the active sperm which fluencies of peregrinating. We use the censored regression (Tobit) model to analyze the data that contains 150 observations may by useful to whom it concern.
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The individual average income is considered one of the most used criteria for the distinguishing between the developed and the developing countries, for this reason the efforts of economic development has been construed on increasing the average national income, the investment expenditures is considered one of the basic foundations for economic development operation which lead to the expanding the prodection power of the economy, and increasing the level of national income in an averages greaten than the primary expenditures due to the work and interaction between the multiplier and the accelerator. But the ability of the economic sectors in the generation of national income as a result of the primary expenditures is different fr
... Show MoreA free convective heat transfer from the inside surface of a uniformly heated vertical circular tube has been experimentally investigated under a constant wall heat flux boundary condition for laminar air flow in the ranges of RaL from 6.9108 to 5109. The effect of the different sections (restrictions) lengths placed at the exit of the heated tube on the surface temperature distribution, the local and average heat transfer coefficients were examined. The experimental apparatus consists of aluminum circular tube with 900 mm length and 30 mm inside diameter (L/D=30). The exit sections (restrictions) were included circular tubes having the same inside diameter as the heated tube but with different lengths of
... Show MoreThe subject of the Internet of Things is very important, especially at present, which is why it has attracted the attention of researchers and scientists due to its importance in human life. Through it, a person can do several things easily, accurately, and in an organized manner. The research addressed important topics, the most important of which are the concept of the Internet of Things, the history of its emergence and development, the reasons for its interest and importance, and its most prominent advantages and characteristics. The research sheds light on the structure of the Internet of Things, its structural components, and its most important components. The research dealt with the most important search engines in the Intern
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