The social contract represents a set of laws and determinants agreed upon by a group of individuals in order to organize society for the better.This agreement guarantees them to live in peace according to the pre-agreed laws, and on the basis of that, it represents the key to resolving the crisis relations between the state and society, and this is what prompted Iraqi society to move towards the formulation of a new social contract through popular protest movements in 2019.To overcome the old social contract that shook the trust between the state and society as a result of its negative outputs at various political, economic and social levels, and many problems emerged that hindered the process of building the social contra

This research work aims to the determination of molybdenum (VI) ion via the formation of peroxy molybdenum compounds which has red-brown colour with absorbance wave length at 455nm for the system of ammonia solution-hydrogen peroxide-molybdenum (VI) using a completely newly developed microphotometer based on the ON-Line measurement. Variation of responses expressed in millivolt. A correlation coefficient of 0.9925 for the range of 2.5-150 ?g.ml-1 with percentage linearity of 98.50%. A detection limit of 0.25 ?g.ml-1 was obtained. All physical and chemical variable were optimized interferences of cation and anion were studied classical method of measurement were done and compared well with newly on-line measurements. Application for the use

          Using sodium4-((4,5-diphenyl-imidazol-2-yl)diazenyl)-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonate (SDPIHN) as a chromogenic reagent in presence of non-ionic surfactant (Triton x-100) to estimate the chromium(III)  ion if the wavelength of this reagent 463 nm to form a dark greenish-brown complex in wavelength 586 nm at pH=10,the complex was stable for longer than 24 hours. Beer's low, molar absorptivity 0.244×10⁴L.mol^-1.cm^-1, and Sandal's sensitivity 0.021 µg/cm² are all observed in the concentration range 1-11 µg/mL. The limits of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), respectively, were 0.117 µg/mL and 0.385µg/mL. (mole ratio technique, job's method) were employed to

A procedure for the mutual derivatization and determination of thymol and Dapsone was developed and validated in this study. Dapsone was used as the derivatizing agent for the determination of thymol, and thymol was used as the derivatizing agent for the determination of Dapsone. An optimization study was performed for the derivatization reaction; i.e., the diazonium coupling reaction. Linear regression calibration plots for thymol and Dapsone in the direct reaction were constructed at 460 nm, within the concentration range of 0.3-7 μg ml-1 for thymol and 0.3-4 μg ml-1 for Dapsone, with limits of detection 0.086 and 0.053 μg ml-1, respectively. Corresponding plots for the cloud point extraction of thymol and Dapsone were constructed

2,2'-(1-(3,4-bis(carboxydichloromethoxy)-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl)ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(oxy)bis(2,2-dichloroacetic acid) a derivative of L-ascorbic acid was prepared by reaction of L-ascorbic acid with trichloroacetic acid (1:4) ratio, in the presence of potassium hydroxide. A series of new metal complexes of this ligand were prepared by a reaction with the chlorides of Cd(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II). The new ligand and its complexes were identified by C.H.N., IR, UV-visible spectra, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), as well as 1H, 13C-NMR and Mass spectra for ligand L. The complexes were also identified by molar conductance, atomic absorption, magnetic susceptibility and X-ray diffraction for Cu (II) complex. FT-IR spectra

This research investigates new glasses which are best suitable for design of optical systems
working in the infrared region between 1.01 to 2.3μm. This work is extended to Oliva & Gennari
(1995,1998) research in which they found that the best known achromatic pairs are (BAF2-IRG2; SRF2-
IRG3; BAF2-IRG7; CAF2-IRGN6; BAF2-SF56A and BAF2-SF6). Schott will most probably stop the
production of these very little used and commercially uninteresting IRG glasses. In this work equally
good performances can be obtained by coupling BAF2, SRF2&CAF2 with standard glasses from Schott
or Ohara Company. The best new achromatic pairs found are (SRF2-S-TIH10; CAF2-S-LAL9; CAF2-SLAL13
and CAF2-S-BAH27). These new achromatic pai

The UV−VIS absorption spectroscopy technique was used to study the formation of a new complex of charge transfer (CT) between bioactive organic molecules as (Nystatin) containing both a π-electrons from a conjugated system and lone-pair of electrons (amine) with Tetrachloro-1,4 benzoquinone (TCBQ) as a π-acceptor in which the transferred electron goes into its vacant anti-bonding molecular orbitals. The Tyrian purple-colored complex formed was quantitatively measured at 544 nm. This complex shows obeying Beer's law within the concentration range of (10-90) μg.ml-1The stoichiometry of the formed complex between the (Nys.) and (TCBQ) was found 1:2 as evaluated by continuous variation (Job's method) and mole ratio method The value of mola