Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to enhance efficiency and maximize the output power of PV module, regardless the variation of temperature, irradiation, and the electrical characteristics of the load. A new MPPT system has been presented in this research, consisting of a synchronous DC-DC step-down Buck converter controlled by an Arduino microcontroller based unit. The MPPT process with Perturb and Observe method is performed with a DC-DC converter circuit to overcome the problem of voltage mismatch between the PV modules and the loads. The proposing system has high efficiency, lower cost and can be easily modified to handle more energy sources. The test results indicate that the u

Skin detection is classification the pixels of the image into two types of pixels skin and non-skin. Whereas, skin color affected by many issues like various races of people, various ages of people gender type. Some previous researchers attempted to solve these issues by applying a threshold that depends on certain ranges of skin colors. Despite, it is fast and simple implementation, it does not give a high detection for distinguishing all colors of the skin of people. In this paper suggests improved ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser) to enhance the performance of skin detection. Three color spaces have been used a dataset of RGB obtained from machine learning repository, the University of California Irvine (UCI), RGB color space, HSV color sp

  Immuno-haematological genetic markers study was carried out to understand the genetic background variations among Kirkuk (Iraq) indigenous population. A cross-sectional study of 179 patients with thalassemia major was conducted in Kirkuk. A detailed review was undertaken to define the relationships between ethnic origins, phenotype and immuno-genetic markers uniformity in relation to genetic isolation and interethnic admixture. A total of 179 thalassemia major patients were subjected to analysis in the hereditary blood diseases centre, including (18(10.05 %)) of intermarriages between different ethnic groups origin, whereas the overall consanguinity marriage rate was estimated at (161 (89.9%)) including (63(35.1%)) for first cousi

The present study aimed to demonstrate the extent to which the activity of a number of enzymes and genetic variation of β-globin genes were affected in the blood of 65 children with β - thalassemia major of both sexes. The patients, with an age range of 2 – 15 years, were registered in the Thalassemia Center at Ibn Al-Atheer Teaching Hospital for Children in the city of Mosul / Iraq. They were under continuous treatment after being diagnosed by specialist doctors. The study also involved 30 healthy children of both sexes with the same age range who were considered as a control group.

       The results showed significant increases (p≤0.05) in the activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspart

The importance of research and study of classical Persian literature is not overlooked.  So far, there have been many studies in this area.  But there are still some things that need more research.  Persian grammar is one of the most important branches of Persian literature.  This section has always been converted at different times.  One of the issues that has been neglected in the studies of classical literature is the study of the technical tales of past and past poetry.  These texts can be studied from different perspectives.  Because Persian is a mixed language, it is possible to combine language terms with each other or to add prefixes and suffixes to express new concepts. They can be used by exam

The pure and Sb doped GeSe thin films have been prepared by thermal flash evaporation technique. Both the structural and optical measurement were carried out for as deposited and annealed films at different annealing temperatures.XRD spectra revealed that the all films have one significant broad amorphous peak except for pure GeSe thin film which annealed at 573 K, it has sharp peak belong to orthorhombic structure nearly at 2θ=33o. The results of the optical studies showed that the optical transition is direct and indirect allowed. The energy gap in general increased with increasing annealing temperature and decreased with increase the ratio of Sb dopant. The optical parameters such as refractive index, extinction coefficient and real and

Thin films of cadmium sulphoselenide (CdSSe) have been prepared by a thermal evaporation method on glass substrate, and with pressure of 4x10-5 mbar. The optical constants such as (refractive index n, dielectric constant ?i,r and Extinction coefficient ?) of the deposition films were obtained from the analysis of the experimental recorded transmittance spectral data. The optical band gap of (CdSSe) films is calculate from (?h?)2 vs. photon energy curve. CdSSe films have a direct energy gap, and the values of the energy gap were found to increase when increasing annealing temperature. The band gap of the films varies from 1.68 – 2.39 eV.

The properties of structural and optical of pure and doped nano titanium dioxide (TiO₂) films, prepared using chemical spray pyrolysis (CPS) technique, with different nanosize nickel oxide (NiO) concentrations in the range (3-9)wt% have been studied. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) technique where using to analysis the structure properties of the prepared thin films. The results revealed that the structure properties of TiO₂ have polycrystalline structure with anatase phase. The parameters, energy gap, extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary parts were studied using absorbance and transmittance measurements from a computerized ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1601 PC) in the wavelength

The current study was achieved on the effects of laser energy and annealing temperature on x-ray structural and optical properties, such as the UV-Visible spectra of cadmium sulfide (CdS). The films were prepared using pules laser deposition technique (PLD) under vacuum at a pressure of 2.5×10^-2 mbar with different laser energies (500-800 mJ) and annealing at a temperature of 473K. X-ray diffraction patterns and intensity curves for the CdS showed that the formation of CdS multi-crystallization films at all laser energies. The optical properties of the films were studied and the variables affecting them were investigated in relation to laser energy and changes in temperature.

The study effect Graphene on optical and electrical properties of glass prepared on glass substrates using sol–gel dip-coating technique. The deposited film of about (60-100±5%) nm thick. Optical and electrical properties of the films were studied under different preparation conditions, such as graphene concentration of 2, 4, 6 and 8 wt%. The results show that the optical band gap for glass-graphene films decreasing after adding the graphene. Calculated optical constants, such as transmittance, extinction coefficient are changing after adding graphene. The structural morphology and composition of elements for the samples have been demonstrated using SEM and EDX. The electrical properties of films include DC electrical conductivity; we