The design of reinforced concrete spread foundations mainly depends on soil bearing capacity, loading value, and column size. So for each design case, tiresome calculations and time consumption are needed. In this paper, generalized design charts are presented and plotted according to derivations based on the ACI 318 M-2019 Code. These charts could be used directly by the structural designers to estimate the column size, foundation thickness, and dimensions as well as the foundation reinforcement under a certain given concentric load assuming a uniformly distributed contact pressure underneath the foundation. Of noteworthy, these charts are oriented to deal with square isolated footings with a square concentric column, covering reasonable r

The heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat energy between two fluids, hot and cold. In this work, an output feedback adaptive sliding mode controller is designed to control the temperature of the outlet cold water for plate heat exchanger. The measurement of the outlet cold temperature is the only information required. Hence, a sliding mode differentiator was designed to estimate the time derivative of outlet hot water temperature, which it is needed for constructing a sliding variable. The discontinuous gain value of the sliding mode controller is adapted according to a certain adaptation law. Two constraints which imposed on the volumetric flow rate of outlet cold (control input) were considered within the rules of the proposed

Early diagnosis and clinical decision-making depend on accurate brain tumor classification using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, traditional deep learning methods usually rely on centralized medical data, which raises privacy concerns and limits the use of distributed clinical data. This research proposes a privacy-preserving federated learning framework for MRI image-based binary brain tumor classification using a decentralized ResNet-18 architecture that enables collaborative training without sharing raw patient data. To reflect realistic clinical conditions, the framework integrates heterogeneous multi-source datasets in different image formats (PNG and JPG) and evaluates performance under both IID and non-IID settings

The importance of regional development resides in the provision of aid and other assistance to regions that are less economically developed. The purpose of this research is to identify the development possibilities and resources at the regional level, which can be tapped for the development of secondary cities. This research aims to shed light on the importance of urban planning in creating regional balance and relieving population and service pressure on major cities. The research answers the question relative to how urban planners can work towards the idea of creating development corridors including the cities located within them, whilst focusing more on the regional dimension and the topic of sustainable urbanization. This research assum

The flexible joint robot (FJR) typically experiences parametric variations, nonlinearities, underactuation, noise propagation, and external disturbances which seriously degrade the FJR tracking. This article proposes an adaptive integral sliding mode controller (AISMC) based on a singular perturbation method and two state observers for the FJR to achieve high performance. First, the underactuated FJR is modeled into two simple second-order fast and slow subsystems by using Olfati transformation and singular perturbation method, which handles underactuation while reducing noise amplification. Then, the AISMC is proposed to effectively accomplish the desired tracking performance, in which the integral sliding surface is designed to reduce cha

Modified algae with nano copper oxide (CuO) were used as adsorption media to remove tetracycline (TEC) from aqueous solutions. Functional groups, morphology, structure, and percentages of surfactants before and after adsorption were characterised through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Several variables, including pH, connection time, dosage, initial concentrations, and temperature, were controlled to obtain the optimum condition. Thermodynamic studies, adsorption isotherm, and kinetics models were examined to describe and recognise the type of interactions involved. Resultantly, the best operation conditions were at pH 7, contact time

<p>Mobility management protocols are very essential in the new research area of Internet of Things (IoT) as the static attributes of nodes are no longer dominant in the current environment. Proxy MIPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol is a network-based mobility management protocol, where the mobility process is relied on the network entities, named, Mobile Access Gateways (MAGs) and Local Mobility Anchor (LMA). PMIPv6 is considered as the most suitable mobility protocol for WSN as it relieves the sensor nodes from participating in the mobility signaling. However, in PMIPv6, a separate signaling is required for each mobile node (MN) registration, which may increase the network signaling overhead and lead to increase the total handoff latency

    Identification of complex communities in biological networks is a critical and ongoing challenge since lots of network-related problems correspond to the subgraph isomorphism problem known in the literature as NP-hard. Several optimization algorithms have been dedicated and applied to solve this problem. The main challenge regarding the application of optimization algorithms, specifically to handle large-scale complex networks, is their relatively long execution time. Thus, this paper proposes a parallel extension of the PSO algorithm to detect communities in complex biological networks. The main contribution of this study is summarized in three- fold; Firstly, a modified PSO algorithm with a local search operator is proposed