This paper is concerned with the quaternary nonlinear hyperbolic boundary value problem (QNLHBVP) studding constraints quaternary optimal classical continuous control vector (CQOCCCV), the cost function (CF), and the equality and inequality quaternary state and control constraints vector (EIQSCCV). The existence of a CQOCCCV dominating by the QNLHBVP is stated and demonstrated using the Aubin compactness theorem (ACTH) under appropriate hypotheses (HYPs). Furthermore, mathematical formulation of the quaternary adjoint equations (QAEs) related to the quaternary state equations (QSE) are discovere  so as its weak form (WF) . The directional derivative (DD) of the Hamiltonian (Ham) is calculated. The necessary and sufficient conditions for

Abstract

 One of the major components in an automobile engine is the throttle valve part. It is used to keep up with emissions and fuel efficiency low. Design a control system to the throttle valve is newly common requirement trend in automotive technology. The non-smoothness nonlinearity in throttle valve model are due to the friction model and the nonlinear spring, the uncertainty in system parameters and non-satisfying the matching condition are the main obstacles when designing a throttle plate controller.

In this work, the theory of the Integral Sliding Mode Control (ISMC) is utilized to design a robust controller for the Electronic Throttle Valve (ETV) system. From the first in

Due to the continuous development in society and the multiplicity of customers' desires and their keeping pace with this development and their search for the quality and durability of the commodity that provides them with the best performance and that meets their needs and desires, all this has led to the consideration of quality as one of the competitive advantages that many industrial companies compete for and which are of interest to customers and are looking for. The research problem showed that the Diyala State Company for Electrical Industries relies on some simple methods and personal experience to monitor the quality of products and does not adopt scientific methods and modern programs. The aim of this research is to desi

Sami Michael and Eli Amir - two Israeli writers born in Iraq and of the same generation (Sami Makhail was born in Baghdad in 1926 and Eli Amir in 1937). They wrote in their novels, among other things, about Orientalism , love and femininity. They both lived wild, extroverted lives. They did not shy away from experiencing anything new that came their way, rebelled against conventions and acted provocatively; they enjoyed the shock and amazement that evoked around them. While trying to find their place in different family settings, they chose to present two Arab Christian heroines. The narrator in Jasmine is the speaker Noori-Eli himself. While the narrator of “Trumpet in the Wadi” is Huda the heroine herself. Both ar

    This work is concerned with studying the solvability for optimal classical continuous control quaternary vector problem that controls by quaternary linear hyperbolic boundary value problem. The existence of the unique quaternary state vector solution for the quaternary linear hyperbolic boundary value problem  is studied and demonstrated by employing the method of Galerkin, where the classical continuous control quaternary vector  is Known. Also, the existence theorem of an optimal classical continuous control quaternary vector related to the quaternary linear hyperbolic boundary value problem is demonstrated. The existence of a unique solution to the adjoint quaternary linear hyperbolic boundary value problem a

<span lang="EN-US">This paper presents the comparison between optimized unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and optimized extended Kalman filter (EKF) for sensorless direct field orientation control induction motor (DFOCIM) drive. The high performance of UKF and EKF depends on the accurate selection of state and noise covariance matrices. For this goal, multi objective function genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal values of state and noise covariance matrices. The main objectives of genetic algorithm to be minimized are the mean square errors (MSE) between actual and estimation of speed, current, and flux. Simulation results show the optimal state and noise covariance matrices can improve the estimation of speed, current, t

In this paper, the nonclassical approach to dynamic programming for the optimal control problem via strongly continuous semigroup has been presented. The dual value function VD ( .,. ) of the problem is defined and characterized. We find that it satisfied the dual dynamic programming principle and dual Hamilton Jacobi –Bellman equation. Also, some properties of VD (. , .) have been studied, such as, various kinds of continuities and boundedness, these properties used to give a sufficient condition for optimality. A suitable verification theorem to find a dual optimal feedback control has been proved. Finally gives an example which illustrates the value of the theorem which deals with the sufficient condition for optimality.

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This article presents a new cascaded extended state observer (CESO)-based sliding-mode control (SMC) for an underactuated flexible joint robot (FJR). The control of the FJR has many challenges, including coupling, underactuation, nonlinearity, uncertainties and external disturbances, and the noise amplification especially in the high-order systems. The proposed control integrates the CESO and SMC, in which the CESO estimates the states and disturbances, and the SMC provides the system robustness to the uncertainty and disturbance estimation errors. First, a dynamic model of the FJR is derived and converted from an underactuated form to a canonical form via the Olfati transformation and a flatness approach, which reduces the complexity of th

An optoelectronic flow-through detector for active ingredients determination in pharmaceutical formulations is explained. Two consecutive compact photodetector’s devices operating according to light-emitting diodes-solar cells concept where the LEDs acting as a light source and solar cells for measuring the attenuated light of the incident light at 180˚ have been developed. The turbidimetric detector, fabricated of ten light-emitting diodes and five solar cells only, integrated with a glass flow cell has been easily adapted in flow injection analysis manifold system. For active ingredients determination, the developed detector was successfully utilized for the development and validation of an analytical method for warfarin determination