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Effects of Hydrochlorothiazide on Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats
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Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor utilized for the treatment of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections; and is now one of the most widely used antiretroviral drug. However, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate can induce nephrotoxicity, which may be attributed to the interaction between such drug and the organic anion transporters (hOAT1, and OAT3) with consequent changes in levels of some parameters that may have a role in nephrotoxicity. Thiazide diuretics have high to intermediate potency of inhibition of OAT1s and OAT3; thus, it may possess nephroprotective effects. This study was designed to investigate whether hydrochlorthiazide has nephroprotective effects on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Twenty eight healthy adult male albino rats weighing 180-200g were utilized in this study for duration of 5weeks (35 days) treatment. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (7animals each). Group I: Negative control (orally given distilled water) by gavage tube; Group II: Rats orally received 600 mg/kg/day tenofovir disoproxil fumarate by gavage tube; Group III: Rats orally administered hydrochlorothiazide alone at a dose (10 mg/kg/day) by gavage tube, and Group IV: Rats orally administered hydrochlorothiazide at a dose (10 mg/kg/day) plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 600 mg/kg/day by gavage tube. On day 36 of the study, after euthanization of each animal by diethyl ether, 3-5ml of blood samples were collected from each rat by an intra-cardiac puncture, then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes to obtain serum, which was then transferred into suitable plain tubes and preserved at -20 °C; and it was utilized for the estimation of cystatin C and IL-10 level.

Rats administered tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for 5 weeks (group II) produced a significant -elevation (P<0.05) in serum cystatin C level and –reduction in serum IL-10 levels compared to negative control group (group I); similarly,  administration of hydrochlorothiazide alone to rats (group III) produced a significant -elevation (P<0.05) in serum cystatin C level and –reduction in serum IL-10 levels compared to negative control group (group I); also, rats administered combination of hydrochlorothiazide plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to rats for 5 weeks (group IV) produced significant elevation (P<0.05) in serum level of cystatin C, and a significant reduction (P<0.05) in IL-10 serum level in treated rats compared to the corresponding levels of negative control animals (group I); beside that in (group IV) rats there were significant reduction (P<0.05) in serum level of both cystatin C, and IL-10 in treated rats compared to the corresponding levels compared to TDF-treated (group II). In conclusion, treatment with hydrochlorthiazide plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in an attempt to prevent nephrotoxicity induced by tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not attained.

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Publication Date
Sat Aug 29 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Effects of time delay and tension system application after final flask closure on the vertical displacement of acrylic and porcelain teeth in maxillary complete dentures
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Background: The displacement of artificial teeth during complete denture construction presents major processing errors in the occlusal vertical dimension which were verified at the previous trial denture stage. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of delay in processing after final flask closure and tension application on the vertical acrylic and porcelain teeth displacement of complete dentures constructed from heat cured acrylic and the results were compared with the conventional processing method. Materials and methods: forty samples of identical maxillary complete dentures were constructed from heat polymerized acrylic resin. These samples were subdivided into the following experimental subgroups in which each subgroup contai

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 31 2016
Journal Name
مجلة جامعة االنبار للعلوم البدنية والرياضية
The effects of Pilates exercises while using the ladder barrel device on fitness and coordinatedin performance for motor formations in artistic gymnastics for students
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The aim of the research was to prepare Pilates exercises using the barrel ladder apparatus and to identify the effect of Pilates exercises on agility, coordination, and motor sequences of third-year female students in artistic gymnastics. The researcher adopted the experimental method to achieve the objectives of the study and to verify its hypotheses, as it is suitable for the nature and problem of the research. In selecting the research population, the researcher carefully chose the sample using a purposive method, clarifying its elements and constituent units. The research population consisted of third-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Women / University of Baghdad, with a total of 20 stud

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Publication Date
Sun Nov 19 2017
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Laser
Effects of Diode Laser 940 nm with and without 5 % Sodium Fluoride White Varnish with Tri-calcium Phosphate on Dentin Permeability (In vitro study)
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It is found that hypersensitive teeth have a larger number and wider patent tubules than those of non-sensitive teeth. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare between the effects of diode laser at different power densities, with and without sodium fluoride on the sealing of exposed dentinal tubules and dentin permeability. Materials and methods: 118 teeth were used. Samples were divided into three major groups. The first consisted of 100 teeth used for permeability test. The second consisted of 16 teeth for measuring external surface temperature elevation while irradiation. The third, in turn, consisted of one pair of teeth observed under SEM for dentine surface morphology analysis. Results: For dentin permeability measurement, th

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Publication Date
Mon Sep 30 2019
Journal Name
Environmental Engineering Research
Development of Bi-Langmuir model on the sorption of cadmium onto waste foundry sand: Effects of initial pH and temperature
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The present study develops the sorption model for simulating the effects of pH and temperature on the uptake of cadmium from contaminated water using waste foundry sand (WFS) by allowing the variation of the maximum adsorption capacity and affinity constant. The presence of two acidic functional groups with the same or different affinity is the basis in the derivation of the two models; Model 1 and Model 2 respectively. The developed Bi-Langmuir model with different affinity (Model 2) has a remarkable ability in the description of process under consideration with coefficient of determination > 0.9838 and sum of squared error < 0.08514. This result is proved by FTIR test where the weak acids responsible of cadmium ions removal

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2024
Journal Name
Arab Journal For Plant Protection
Effects of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus on Some Biological Aspects of the Fig Moth, Ephestia cautella
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Kamil, S.H. 2024. Effects of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus on Some Biological Aspects of the Fig Moth, Ephestia cautella. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(3): 377-381. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001245 This study evaluated the effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of lemongrass on the third instar larvae of the date moth Ephestia cautella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The results obtained showed that there were toxic effects of aqueous extract, which produced the highest mortality rate of 43.35% at 5% concentration72 hours after treatment, whereas the lowest mortality rate of 17% was obtained at 0.5% concentration, 72 hours after treatment. The LC50 was 0.082%. The results indicated

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 01 2024
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Isolation and Identification of Flavonoid Compounds from Euphorbia Milii Plant Cultivated in Iraq and Evaluation of its Genetic Effects on Two Types of Cancer Cell Line
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يعتبر "تاج الأشواك" أو نبات شوكة المسيح، وهو من نباتات الزينة الطبية ، ينتمي إلى جنس يوفوربيا. E. milii يحتوي كميات وفيرة من المركبات الفينولية ، التربينات، الستيرويدات والقلويدات. كانت الأهداف الرئيسية لهذه الدراسة هي فحص مستخلصات الفلافونويد والنانو فلافونويد ضد نوعين من خطوط الخلايا السرطانية. تم تصنيع مركبات الفلافونويد النانوية عن طريق تفاعل مركب الكيتوسان والماليك اسد. تم تحليل مركبات الفلافونويد ال

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Publication Date
Mon Jul 03 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Biotechnology
In Vivo Cytogenetic Effects of Ephedra alata L. Stems Extracts in Mitosis of Meristematic Cells in Onion Roots
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Ephedra alata. is a plant that widely available around the world and long used in folk medicine as a natural medication, was employed in the current work to prepare extracts rich in alkaloids and to test their cytotoxic potential. Alkaloids-rich and crude extracts of E.alata were compared to pure ephedrine medication for mitosis on Allium cepa. test system. Alkaloids and crude aqueous extracts of A. cepa root tips were examined for a total of five hours at five different concentrations compared to ephedrine standard. Mitotic index, phase index, and chromosomal aberration as part of the study. IC50 values of 35 mg/ml were found for each extract, indicating a sub-lethal influence on cell viability. (Toxic and sublethal effects are thought to

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 05 2019
Journal Name
Humanities &amp; Social Sciences Reviews
HUMAN LAB RATS IN JAMES DASHNER’S THE MAZE RUNNER SERIES (2009 – 2011): HISTORICAL REFERENCES, PRESENT ALLUSIONS, AND DYSTOPIAN FUTURE
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Purpose: This study aims to shed the light on allusions to real lab rats in Dashner’s trilogy: The Maze Runner (2009), The Scorch Trails (2010), and The Death Cure (2011).  It also aims to trace the historical documents and chronicles essential to reveal the justifications behind the vague political and scientific crimes.  Methodology: The researchers have used the literary analytical approach to study and analyze selected prominent aspects from each novel; such as the concept of lab rats and genocide crimes in The Maze Runner; references to weather experiments, the climate change conspiracy, gas chambers, and the Holocaust in The Scorch Trails; and finally, the man-made diseases and biological weapons in The Death Cure. Results

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 05 2019
Journal Name
Humanities &amp; Social Sciences Reviews
HUMAN LAB RATS IN JAMES DASHNER’S THE MAZE RUNNER SERIES (2009 – 2011): HISTORICAL REFERENCES, PRESENT ALLUSIONS, AND DYSTOPIAN FUTURE
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Purpose: This study aims to shed the light on allusions to real lab rats in Dashner’s trilogy: The Maze Runner (2009), The Scorch Trails (2010), and The Death Cure (2011).  It also aims to trace the historical documents and chronicles essential to reveal the justifications behind the vague political and scientific crimes.  Methodology: The researchers have used the literary analytical approach to study and analyze selected prominent aspects from each novel; such as the concept of lab rats and genocide crimes in The Maze Runner; references to weather experiments, the climate change conspiracy, gas chambers, and the Holocaust in The Scorch Trails; and finally, the man-made diseases and biological weapons in The Death Cure. Results

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Publication Date
Fri Jun 16 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-issn 1683 - 3597 E-issn 2521 - 3512)
Carvone exerts lung anti-inflammatory effect through hampering NF-KB pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice
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                Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is among the most serious conditions characterized by an exacerbation of inflammatory response that can result from a persistent lung infection. Carvone is chiral monoterpenoid ketone present in the essential oils of dill, caraway, and spearmint. It shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects among others. In this study, the lung anti-inflammatory and protective effects and potential mechanism of action of carvone were investigated in ALI induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

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