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Effects of Hydrochlorothiazide on Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats
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Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor utilized for the treatment of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections; and is now one of the most widely used antiretroviral drug. However, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate can induce nephrotoxicity, which may be attributed to the interaction between such drug and the organic anion transporters (hOAT1, and OAT3) with consequent changes in levels of some parameters that may have a role in nephrotoxicity. Thiazide diuretics have high to intermediate potency of inhibition of OAT1s and OAT3; thus, it may possess nephroprotective effects. This study was designed to investigate whether hydrochlorthiazide has nephroprotective effects on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Twenty eight healthy adult male albino rats weighing 180-200g were utilized in this study for duration of 5weeks (35 days) treatment. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (7animals each). Group I: Negative control (orally given distilled water) by gavage tube; Group II: Rats orally received 600 mg/kg/day tenofovir disoproxil fumarate by gavage tube; Group III: Rats orally administered hydrochlorothiazide alone at a dose (10 mg/kg/day) by gavage tube, and Group IV: Rats orally administered hydrochlorothiazide at a dose (10 mg/kg/day) plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 600 mg/kg/day by gavage tube. On day 36 of the study, after euthanization of each animal by diethyl ether, 3-5ml of blood samples were collected from each rat by an intra-cardiac puncture, then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes to obtain serum, which was then transferred into suitable plain tubes and preserved at -20 °C; and it was utilized for the estimation of cystatin C and IL-10 level.

Rats administered tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for 5 weeks (group II) produced a significant -elevation (P<0.05) in serum cystatin C level and –reduction in serum IL-10 levels compared to negative control group (group I); similarly,  administration of hydrochlorothiazide alone to rats (group III) produced a significant -elevation (P<0.05) in serum cystatin C level and –reduction in serum IL-10 levels compared to negative control group (group I); also, rats administered combination of hydrochlorothiazide plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to rats for 5 weeks (group IV) produced significant elevation (P<0.05) in serum level of cystatin C, and a significant reduction (P<0.05) in IL-10 serum level in treated rats compared to the corresponding levels of negative control animals (group I); beside that in (group IV) rats there were significant reduction (P<0.05) in serum level of both cystatin C, and IL-10 in treated rats compared to the corresponding levels compared to TDF-treated (group II). In conclusion, treatment with hydrochlorthiazide plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in an attempt to prevent nephrotoxicity induced by tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not attained.

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Publication Date
Thu Nov 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Biological Sciences
Investigation of Plasmid-Associated Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Infected Burn Wounds
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Publication Date
Wed Sep 20 2006
Journal Name
00
INVESTIGATING SOME OF THE SYNTACTIC ERRORS MADE BY EFL COLLEGE STUDENTS IN WRITTEN ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS
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Publication Date
Sun Jun 05 2016
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Flame Atomic Emission and Colorimetric Methods for the Determination of Cephalexin Monohydrate in Pharmaceutical Preparations
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We propose two simple, rapid, and convenient spectrophotometric methods which are described for the determination of cephalexin in bulk and its pharmaceutical preparations. They are based on the measurement of the flame atomic emission of potassium ion (in the first method) and colorimetric determination of the green colored solution at 610 nm formed after the reaction of cephalexin with potassium permanganate as an oxidant agent (in the second method) in basic medium. The working conditions of the methods are investigated and optimized. Beer's law plot shows a good correlation in the concentration range of 5-40?g ml-1. The detection limits are 2.573,2.814 ?g ml-1 for the flame emission photometric method and 1.844,2.016 ?g ml-1 for colo

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Publication Date
Tue May 31 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Positive School Psychology
Investigating Ideologies of Women Empowerment in Amy Poehler`s Moxie (2021): A Critical Stylistic Approach
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Publication Date
Sun Apr 29 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of Karbala University
Optimization Quantitative Determination of Cimetidine in Pharmaceutical Preparations via Bromothymol Blue Using Central Composite Design
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Publication Date
Thu Jan 01 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
A Pragmatic Analysis of Implied Meaning in Selected Poems by T.S. Eliot and Al-Sayyab
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In addition to its basic communicative function, language can be used to imply information that is not actually stated, i.e. addressers do not always state exactly (or directly) what they mean. Such instances fall within the domain of pragmatics in that they have to do with how addressers use language to communicate in a particular situation by implication rather than by direct statement. The researcher attempts to demonstrate that the beauty and the multiple layers of meaning in poetry can be better explored if the addressee looks at the lines from a pragmatic perspective in search for implied meaning. There are many devices that can convey implied meaning in poetry, among which are 'rhetorical', 'figurative' or 'literary' devices. But

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2006
Journal Name
Smj
Treatment of alopecia areata by topical diclofenac sodium gel in comparison with benzoyl peroxide gel
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KE Sharqie, AA Al-Nuaimy, WJ Kadhum, SMJ, 2006 - Cited by 2

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Publication Date
Sat May 01 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Physics: Conference Series
Morphological, histochemical and histological study of the ileum in the Iraqi Black Partridge (Francolinus francolinus)
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Abstract<p>Objective: This project aimed to study the morphological description and histological structure of ileum in Iraqi black partridge (<italic>Francolinus francolinus</italic>). Methods: To conduct this investigation, 20 healthy Iraqi black partridge were collected from local suppliers. Birds were euthanized, dissected and then specimens were processed for histological and histochemical staining techniques. Results: A morphological study showed that the ileum appears as a short narrow tubular structure. It extends from the wide end of the jejunum and ends in the Ileo-caecal junction region. Histologically, the wall ileum consists of four tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and </p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Tue Jun 01 2021
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Modeling and Simulation for Performance Evaluation of Optical Quantum Channels in Quantum key Distribution Systems
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In this research work, a simulator with time-domain visualizers and configurable parameters using a continuous time simulation approach with Matlab R2019a is presented for modeling and investigating the performance of optical fiber and free-space quantum channels as a part of a generic quantum key distribution system simulator. The modeled optical fiber quantum channel is characterized with a maximum allowable distance of 150 km with 0.2 dB/km at =1550nm. While, at =900nm and =830nm the attenuation values are 2 dB/km and 3 dB/km respectively. The modeled free space quantum channel is characterized at 0.1 dB/km at =860 nm with maximum allowable distance of 150 km also. The simulator was investigated in terms of the execution of the BB84 p

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 01 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of Biotechnology Research Center
Evaluation of anti Epstien-Barr Virus antibodies in female patients with autoimmune hepatitis type-1
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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with broad spectrum of clinical manifestationsdepending on the immune status of the host, To analyze their possible role in the complication ofautoimmune hepatitis, we investigated (30) female patients with autoimmune hepatitis type-1 of(10-40)years and 25 healthy female of same ages(control groups). Both groups were carried outto measure the levels of EBV-CA IgM, IgG Ab, EBV-EA IgM, IgG Ab, and EBV-NA IgM, IgGAb using indirect immunoflourescent assay (IFAT).The prevalence of EBV-CA IgM, IgG Ab were(10%,20%) and EBV-EA IgM, IgG Ab were (10% and20%) respectively, while the prevalence ofEBV-NA IgG Ab was( 3.33%) and there are no prevalence of EBV-NA IgM Ab. There weresignificant differences (P

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