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Cephalothin as a Carrier of 6-Mercaptopurine for Targeting Cancer Tissues
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A lower extracellular pH is one of the few well-documented physiological differences between tumour and normal tissues. On the other hand, elevated glutathione (GSH) level has been detected in many tumours compared with healthy surrounding tissues. The compound II: 3-(9H-purin-6-yl-thio) carbonothionyl methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-thiophen-2-yl) acetamido-5-thia-1-azabicyclo-4-octo-ene-carboxylic acid was a cephalothin derivative contain 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). Compound II react with general base catalysis in slightly acidic pH or with sulfhydryl nucleophiles to release the chemotherapeutic drug 6-MP. The generation of compound II was accomplished following multistep reaction procedures. The structure of compound II and its intermediate was confirmed by their melting point, infrared spectroscopy, CHN and NMR analysis. The hydrolysis of compound II in aqueous buffer solution of pH 6 and in the presence of GSH at pH 7.4 was studied. The partition coefficient (PC) of compound II was also determined. Compound II has acceptable rate of hydrolysis at slightly acidic medium pH 6 (t1/2 = 56.34 min.) and 80% of compound II had been converted to 6-MP within 30 min in the presence of GSH. And the compound has acceptable stability at pH 7.4(t0.5=639.65 min.) and the rate of hydrolysis was effected by change the buffer concentration.  This compound can selectively deliver 6-MP into the tumour tissues which have acidic pH or elevated GSH level. Compound II had an improved PC value of 12.23 compared to 1.22 for free drug 6-MP confirming higher lipophilicity.

Key words: 6-mercaptopurine, cancer, prodrug, targeting

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Publication Date
Thu Nov 02 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Constructing a Sustainable Roller Compacted Concrete Using Waste Demolished Material as Replacement of Cement: A Review
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Roller Compacted Concrete is a type of concrete that is environmentally friendly and more economical than traditional concrete. Roller Compacted Concrete is typically used for heavy-duty and specialist constructions, such as hydraulic structures and pavements, because of its coarse surface. The main difference between RCC and conventional concrete mixtures is that RCC has a more significant proportion of fine aggregates that allow compaction and tight packing. In recent years, it has been estimated that several million tons of waste demolished material (WDM) produced each year are directed to landfills worldwide without being recycled for disposal. This review aimed to study the literature about creating a Roller-Comp

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Publication Date
Tue Feb 26 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The Return Variation on Investment as a Function for the Difference of Market Share: An Applied Research on a Sample of Private Banks listed in Iraq Stock Exchange (ISX)
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    The research specified with study the relation  between the market share for the sample research banks and the amount of the achieved revenues from the investment, where the  dominated belief  that there potentiality enhancing the revenue on investment with the increase of the banks shares in their markets after their success in achieving rates of successive growth in their sales of sales and to a suitable achieve  market coverage for their products and they have dissemination and suitable  promotion activity, the  market share represented the competition  for the banks, and the markets pay attention to the  market share as a strategic objective and to maintain them also increasi

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 29 2017
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-issn 1683 - 3597 E-issn 2521 - 3512)
Uric Acid as a Natural Scavenger of Peroxynitrite in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with decreased antioxidant state .This study aim to investigate the status of oxidant/antioxidant in a sample of  Iraqi patients with RA and the role of peroxynitrite and its natural scavenger uric acid in them .This case-controlled study was conducted at Baghdad teaching hospital /Baghdad from December 2010-May 2011 . Twenty-five patients with mean age 39 years and 25 apparently healthy subject as controls with mean age 29 years were included in the study .Investigations include estimation of serum levels of nitric oxide (NO)  ,peroxynitrite (PN) , malondialdehyde (MDA)  , and uric acid (UA) .Serum PN levels were significantly elevated in RA patients a

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 29 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Visual Language as a Reflection of Culture: Violence Against Women in Iraq
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The present work is qualitative descriptive. It aims to examine the idiosyncratic schema when deciphering the selected violence-based panel from Nasser Ibrahim’s caricatures. The researchers accordingly adopted part of Sharifian’s (2011) Cultural Schema model, particularly that part that is concerned with the examining the micro/idiosyncratic level of understanding. The study has revealed that the participants have not only differed among themselves regarding the way a figure is being denotatively conceptualized, they also highlighted different exact conceptualizations for the same figure, such as: using various adjectives that reflect various levels of intensity, emphasizing the behavioral aspect or the appearance of the figure, ado

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Research In Medical And Dental Science
Evaluation of the Serum Level of Interleukin-6 in Patients Undergoing Surgical Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars
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Evaluation of the Serum Level of Interleukin-6 in Patients Undergoing Surgical Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars, Hussain A Taher*, Salwan Y Bede

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 04 2011
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Use of cefoxitin as indicator for detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
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Rapid and accurate identification of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus is essential in limiting the spread of this bacterium. The aim of study is the detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and determining their susceptibility to some antimicrobial agent. A total of fifty clinical Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from the nose of health work staff in surgery unit of Kalar general hospital and from ear of patients attended to the same hospital. The susceptibilities of isolates were determined by the disc diffusion method with oxacillin (1 ?g) and cefoxitin (30 ?g), and by the mannitol salt agar supplemented with cefoxitin (MSA-CFOX), susceptibilities of isolates to other antimicrobial agent were determined b

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 01 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
English Personal Pronouns as a Manipulation Strategy in Political Discourse: A Critical Discourse Analysis
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Manipulation is a discursive concept which plays a key role in political discourse by which politicians can impose some impact on their recipients through using linguistic features, most prominent of which are personal pronouns (Van Dijk, 1995). The aim of this study is to investigate how politicians utilize the personal pronouns, namely; We and I and their possessive forms as a tool of manipulating the audience's mind based on Van Dijk's  "ideological square" which shows positive-self representation and negative-other representation (Van Dijk,1998:p.69). To this end, American President Donald Trump's 2020 State of the Union speech was chosen to be the data of analysis. Only (8)

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 05 2020
Journal Name
Irrigation And Drainage
ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF DUYRIDGE DAM AS A WATER‐HARVESTING SCHEME IN IRAQ
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Abstract<p>Iraq, home of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, has survived an extreme deficiency of surface water assets over the years. The gap is due to the decline of the Iraqi water share every year, as well as a high demand for water use from different sectors, particularly agriculture.</p><p>Dam development has long given significant economic benefits to Iraq in circulating low‐priced electricity and supporting low‐income farmers by supplying them with a free irrigation system (Zakaria et al, 2012). This encouraged domestic consumption and investment.</p><p>Despite the fact that numerous advantages are expected from dam construction, it should be painstakingly assessed, utilizing cost</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Pharmacy Research
Design and in vitro characterization of bisacodyl as a hollow-type suppositories
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Publication Date
Wed Mar 29 2017
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Preparation and Evaluation of Atenolol Floating Beads as a Controlled Delivery System
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         This study aims to encapsulate atenolol within floating alginate-ethylcellulose beads as an oral controlled-release delivery system using aqueous colloidal polymer dispersion (ACPD) method.To optimize drug entrapment efficiency and dissolution behavior of the prepared beads, different parameters of drug: polymer ratio, polymer mixture ratio, and gelling agent concentration were involved.The prepared beads were investigated with respect to their buoyancy, encapsulation efficiency, and dissolution behavior in the media: 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2), acetate buffer (pH 4.6) and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The release kinetics and mechanism of the drug from the prepared beads was investigated.All prepared atenolol beads remained f

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