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Effects of Abuse of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids on Iraqi Athletes
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Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are man-made derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone, originally designed for therapeutic uses to provide higher anabolic potency with lower androgenic effects. Increasing numbers of young athletes are using these agents illicitly to enhance physical fitness, appearance, and performance despite their numerous side effects and worldwide banning.  Today, their use remains one of the main health problems in sports because of their availability and low price.  The present study focuses on investigating the adverse effects of anabolic androgenic steroid abuse on sex hormones, liver and renal function tests, fasting glucose levels and lipid metabolism in Iraqi male recreational bodybuilders. We have recruited fifteen male bodybuilders (age 19-32 years) and an equal number of healthy non-obese, non-AAS-using sedentary controls. Serum hormones (luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone, and prolactin), liver function indices (serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP),  total and direct bilirubin), renal function parameters (serum creatinine and urea), lipid profile and serum glucose levels were measured.  Abuse of AAS was associated with significant decreases (p< 0.005) in serum levels of LH (66.9%), FSH (49.8 %) and testosterone (63.7%) together with significant increases (p< 0.05) in prolactin concentrations (49.8%) in AAS-using bodybuilders compared to sedentary controls. Anabolic androgenic steroids-using athletes had significantly higher (p< 0.05) circulating levels of total bilirubin (116.3%), direct bilirubin (127.6%), aspartate (1752.9%) and alanine (263.1 %) transaminases than those of sedentary control subjects. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were not significantly different (p> 0.05) between the two groups. Concerning renal function, AAS-using athletes had significantly higher serum concentrations of creatinine (28.6%) and urea (21.3%) than sedentary controls. Meanwhile, AAS abuse was accompanied by atherogenic lipid profile.  Anabolic androgenic steroids -using athletes had significantly higher (p< 0.05) serum levels of triglycerides (TG) (45.6%), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (26.0%) and very  low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(VLDL-C) (45.6%) together with significantly lower serum concentrations of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)  (31.3%) than sedentary controls. Serum total cholesterol (TC) and fasting glucose concentrations were not significantly different (p> 0.05) between the two groups. The results presented in the study confirm that abuse of AAS induces unfavorable body functions and undesirable side effects. Therefore, efforts should be sought against use of these compounds outside the therapeutic frame.

Key words: anabolic steroids, athletes, bodybuilding, exercise.

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Publication Date
Thu Oct 01 2009
Journal Name
Jssdds
Topical 10% lactic acid solution in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor in comparison with topical 1% clotrimazol solution (single-blind, comparative and therapeutic study)
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KE Sharquie, AA Noaimi, AM Oweid, JSSDDS, 2009 - Cited by 2

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Publication Date
Sat Jun 01 2024
Journal Name
Results In Materials
Fabrication and characterization of mesoporous calcium silicate and silver-incorporated mesoporous calcium silicate nanoparticles with low cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties as a dental biomaterial
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Publication Date
Sat Sep 30 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Geological Journal
Geology, Pb and S Isotope Geochemistry, and Genesis of the Na Bop-Pu Sap Lead-Zinc Deposit in the Cho Don area, Northeastern Vietnam
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The Na Bop-Pu Sap Pb-Zn ore bodies represent a typical vein-type lead-zinc deposit situated in the Cho Don area and are currently being extracted for their lead and zinc resources. This deposit is characterized by its significant scale and quality and is considered one of the prominent lead-zinc deposits in the Cho Don area. Despite its significance, this deposit has not received adequate attention, resulting in limited knowledge of its geology, mineralization, and deposit genesis model. To address this knowledge gap, our study utilized several methodologies, including field surveying, ore mineral analysis under a microscope, and S and Pb isotopic geochemistry. By employing these approaches, we were able to obtain specific insights

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 09 2023
Journal Name
Acta Geochimica
Provenance and depositional setting of the Late Miocene- Pleistocene clastic sediments in the eastern Arabian Peninsula and western Iraq using rare earth elements geochemistry
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Publication Date
Fri Jun 28 2024
Journal Name
Journal Of Physical Education
The effect of functional strength training according to gradually increasing load in developing some physical abilities and achievement for men’s 100-meter competition runners
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Functional strength is one of the most important elements of physical preparation and an important physical characteristic in our daily life in general and sports training in particular, as it is the most influential characteristic in all sporting events, which the athlete must possess in order to reach the highest levels and achieve the best results.  The research aimed to prepare functional strength training exercises According to the gradual increase in load in the development of some physical abilities and achievement for men's 100 meter competition runners , And to identify the effect of functional strength training according to the gradual increase in load in developing some physical abilities and achievement for men’s 100-

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Publication Date
Wed Sep 30 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The added value of internal audit and its role in achieving independence and responsibility: applied research in the Rafidain State Company for Dams implementation
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The added value of internal audit greatly contributes to adding value to the institution, but most departments of economic units in Iraq neglected the role of internal audit and the added value that can be achieved by those institutions, since the term added value of internal audit is a relatively vague term from the premise that what cannot be measured is difficult Determine it, and perhaps descriptive standards for it is the extent of compliance with international auditing standards (IIA).

The research aims to study the procedures and results of auditing to verify that they have given an added value to the audit with a positive impact, develop its aspects and research, identify deficiencies for the audi

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Publication Date
Fri May 10 2019
Journal Name
Research Journal Of Chemistry And Environment
Solid Phase Extraction of Theophylline in Aqueous Solutions by Modified Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as an Extractor Material and Spectrophotometry Technique for the Determination
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new, simple and fast solid-phase extraction method for separation and preconcentration of trace theophylline in aqueous solutions was developed using magnetite nanoparticles (MIONPs) coated with aluminium oxide (AMIONPs) and modified with palmitate (P) as an extractor (P@AMIONPs). It has shown that the developed method has a fast absorbent rate of the theophylline at room temperature. The parameters that affect the absorbent of theophylline in the aqueous solutions have been investigated such as the amount of magnetite nanoparticle, pH, standing time and the volume, concentration of desorption solution. The linear range, limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for the determination of theophylline were 0.05-2.450 μg mL-

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Extent of Iraqis oil companies commitment to implement internal control procedures in accordance to updated COSO framework (an applied study in Midland Oil Company)
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The research amid to find out the extent of Iraqi oil companies commitment to implement internal control procedures in accordance with the updated COSO framework. As the research problem was represented in the fact that many of the internal control procedures applied in the Iraqi oil companies are incompatible with most modern international frameworks for internal control, including the integrated COSO framework, issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Tradeway Committee. The research followed the quantitative approach to handling and analysing data by designing a checklist to represent the research tool for collecting data. The study population was represented in the Iraqi oil companies, while the study sample

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Integrative analysis of the value & supply chains and its impact in supporting customer value An application study in Southern Cement Company - Kufa Cement Plant
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Abstract\

The value chain analysis is main tools to achieve effective and efficient cost management; it requires a depth and comprehensive understanding for all internal and external activities associated with creating value.  Supply chain as apart of value chain, that means managing it in active and efficient can achieve great results when adopting a comprehensive and integrated performance for these two chains activities. The research aims to identify possible ways to integrate the performance of value and supply chains of the sample" Kufa-cement plant" and determine the effect of this integration in enhancing customer value. The research arrival that logical and integrated analysis of value and supply chains helps

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Publication Date
Tue Feb 26 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Role of Managerial Accounting Information System in Improving the Value Chain and its Impaction Evaluation Performance: دراسة حالة في الشركة العامة لصناعة الزيوت النباتية
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The performance measures and traditional methods used in management accounting is no longer able to provide convenient to evaluate the performance of economic units in the modern manufacturing environment information، and so this information is more important and feasibility must be Mistohat of all the company's activities and functions، and it is a problem Find the inadequacy of information management accounting that contribute to meet the needs of the upper levels of management to cope with the problems resulting from the increased size and complexity of the business، and lack of management accounting information and methods used in the performance evaluation، which reflected negatively on the value chain activities and then on the

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