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Preparation and Evaluation of Physical and, Rheological Properties of Clotrimazole Emulgel
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         Recently, emulgel has emerged as one of the most interesting topical preparations in the field of pharmaceutics. In this research clotrimazole was formulated as topically applied emulgel ; different formulas were prepared. The prepared emulgels were evaluated for their physical appearance , rheological behaviour , and in vitro drug release . The influence of the type of gelling agent (carbopol 934 and methyl cellulose), the concentration of both the emulsifying agent (2% and 4% w/w of mixture of span 20 and tween 20) and the oil phase (5% and 7.5% w/w of liquid paraffin) and the type of oil phase (liquid paraffin and cetyl alcohol), on the drug release from the prepared emulgels was investigated. Commercially available topical canestin® cream was used for comparison. All the prepared emulgels showed acceptable physical properties concerning colour, homogeneity, consistency, and pH value. Rheological studies revealed that all emulgels formulations exhibited a shear – thinning behaviour with thixotropy, indicating structural break down of intermolecular interaction between polymeric chains. Clotrimazole emulgels exhibited higher drug release than canestin® cream. The results of in vitro release showed that methyl cellulose – based emulgel gave better release than carbopol 934 – based one. Also it was found that the emulsifying agent concentration had the most pronounced effect on the drug release from the emulgels, followed by the oil phase concentration, which has a retardation effect, and finally the type of the gelling agent. It was suggested that the clotrimazole emulgel formulation prepared with methyl cellulose, with low concentration of oil phase (5%w/w liquid paraffin) and high concentration of emulsifying agent (4%w/w), showed an optimum formula  for  highest drug  release (74.4% after three hours), which followed higuchi diffusion model with  a  diffusion-controlled  mechanism. 

Key words: Emulgel , carbopol , methyl cellulose , clotrimazole 

 

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 12 2011
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Effect of Water on Some Mechanical Properties for Sawdust and Chopped Reeds /UPE composites
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In this study, composite materials were prepared using unsaturated polyester resin as binder with two types of fillers (sawdust and chopped reeds). The molding method is used to prepare sheets of UPE / sawdust composite and UPE / chopped reeds composite. The mechanical properties were studied including flexural strength and Young's modulus for the samples at normal conditions (N.C). The Commercial wood, UPE and its composite samples were immersed in water for about 30 days to find the weight gain (Mt%) of water for the samples, also to find the effect of water on their flexural strength and Young's modulus. The results showed that the samples of UPE / chopped reeds composite gained highest values of flexural strength (24.

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Publication Date
Fri Mar 01 2019
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Physics
The effect of rear earth doping CdS nanostructure on structural, optical and photoconductivity properties
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Rare earth elements (Cerium, Lanthanum and Neodymium) doped CdS thin films are prepared using the chemical Spray Pyrolysis Method with temperature 200 oC. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis refers that pure CdS and CdS:Ce, CdS:La and CdS:Nd thin films showed the hexagonal crystalline phase. The crystallite size determined by the Debye-Scherrer equation and the range was (35.8– 23.76 nm), and it was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The pure and doped CdS shows a direct band gap (2.57 to 2.72 eV), which was obtained by transmittance. The room-temperature photoluminescence of pure and doped CdS shows large peak at 431 nm, and two small peaks at (530 and 610 nm). The Current – voltage measurement in da

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 30 2013
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Effect of Solid Particle Properties on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Packed Duct
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This work examines numerically the effects of particle size, particle thermal conductivity and inlet velocity of forced convection heat transfer in uniformly heated packed duct. Four packing material (Aluminum, Alumina, Glass and Nylon) with range of thermal conductivity (from200 W/m.K for Aluminum to 0.23 W/m.K for Nylon), four particle diameters (1, 3, 5 and 7 cm), inlet velocity ( 0.07, 0.19 and 0.32 m/s) and constant heat flux ( 1000, 2000 and 3000 W/ m 2) were investigated. Results showed that heat transfer (average Nusselt number Nuav) increased with increasing packing conductivity; inlet velocity and heat flux, but decreased with increasing particle size.Also, Aluminum average Nusselt number is about (0.85,2.

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Publication Date
Tue Feb 05 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
(Novels) Idiom , evolution and properties in the light of critic Shugaa Muslim Al-Aani
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A critics ,Shugaa Muslim Al-Aany, has specific critical principles in his branch
classifications for the type of the novel that is linked with its sources and what is adopted
of critical approaches and curriculums. The novel by its type as a literary one has
occupied Al-Any's critical importance very much ,he has divided it historically according
to its historical development ,the impact of dr.Abd Al-Muhassen Tha Badr's divisions on
Al-Any cannot hidden.
In his speech about the origin of novel and story art generally , Al-Any becomes
between the acknowledgement of the affect of Al-Mgma in rising of this art and denied its
affect at last. He has classified the novel also as a stylistic classification:(an impression

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 04 2021
Journal Name
Transportation Research Record: Journal Of The Transportation Research Board
Gradation Effects on Strength and Deformation Properties of High-Quality Crushed Rock Base Materials
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The importance of specifying proper aggregate grading for achieving satisfactory performance in pavement applications has long been recognized. To improve the specifications for superior performance, there is a need to understand how differences in aggregate gradations within the acceptable limits may affect unbound aggregate base behavior. The effects of gradation on strength, modulus, and deformation characteristics of high-quality crushed rock base materials are described here. Two crushed rock types commonly used in constructing heavy-duty granular base layers in the State of Victoria, Australia, with three different gradations each were used in this study. The gradations used represent the lower, medium, and upper gradation li

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Publication Date
Mon May 22 2023
Journal Name
Al Mustansiriyah Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pharmaceutical cocrystal and their role in improving solid state properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients
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Cocrystallization is an emerging approach for improving physico-chemical characteristics of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for instance dissolution rate, solubility, stability in addition to mechanical properties without affecting their therapeutic activity. It is of great importance when other approaches like salt or polymorph formation do not encounter the estimated targets. In this review article, an outline of pharmaceutical cocrystals will be presented, with highlighting on factors affecting cocrystallization which include ∆pKa, donors and acceptors hydrogen bonds, molecular recognition point, synthon forming functional groups flexibility, dicarboxylic acid coformers carbon chain length and solvent effe

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Publication Date
Mon Apr 01 2024
Journal Name
Medical Journal Of Babylon
Clinical Evaluation and Comparison between Effects of Rituximab and Prednisolone with Imuran to Neutrophils and Platelet Counts in Pemphigus Vulgaris Patients
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Background: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune vesiculobullous mucocutaneous disease with life-threatening consequences. Rituximab (RTX) has recently emerged as an effective treatment for PV. Objectives: This study aims to determine changes in neutrophil and platelet counts for PV patients treated with RTX or corticosteroids combined with Imuran (azathioprine). Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology at Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. Thirty PV patients received two types of treatment: 15 patients were administered RTX and 15 patients took corticosteroids with Imuran (azathioprine). Neutrophil and platelet counts were detected at the hospital laboratory. Results

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Publication Date
Sat Apr 04 2020
Journal Name
Biochemical And Cellular Archives
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT IN-VIVO AND IN-VITRO AND ANTIBACTERIAL FOR N-(3,4- DIHYDROXYBENZYLIDENE) ACETOHYDRAZONE-2-(BENZYLTHIO) BENZIMIDAZOLE
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Publication Date
Sun Sep 06 2009
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis of several Urea plast Resins using Different Aldehydes Preparation of some Alkyde Resins and Empolyment of the prepared Resins as Additives for AZO Dyes
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Urea formaldehyde resin was prepared by using basic media by yield 95%. The Remaining of ureaplasts resin were prepared in acetic acid media by high yield. Alkyde resins were prepared by condensation polymerization by react Succinic, Maleic, Phthalic anhydrides with Ethylene glycol or Glycerol. Select samples of the prepared alkyde resins were mixed with Azo dyes in special ratio. The mixtures were used as coatings for wood, and compaised with pure dyes. The Coating that some alkyde resins showed better adhesion from using dyes alone. Preparation of wood coating by mixing ureaplast resins and alkyde resins with Azo dyes in special ratios. The coating showed better adhesion, brighter colors and better resistance to heat from Preceding coat

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Publication Date
Tue Sep 29 2020
Journal Name
Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms And Catalysis
Development of two-step noncatalytic esterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel preparation
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An innovative two-step noncatalytic esterifcation technique was proposed to synthesize alkyl esters from free fatty acids simulated in waste cooking oil, as a pretreatment process for biodiesel production, without adding any catalyst under normal conditions of pressure and temperature. The efect of methanol:oil molar ratio, reaction time, mixing rate, and reaction temperature were investigated. The results confrmed that the conversion of the reaction was increased when increasing the methanol molar ratio and decreased in prolonged reaction temperature. High conversion (94.545%) was successfully achieved at optimized conditions of 115:1, 65:1 methanol:oil molar ratio in the frst step and second step, respectively, other conditions i

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