The American vision of the Non-governmental Organizations in Iraq the topic area of that’s paper dealing with Civil Society as concept and practice, its already consider as Western concept and associated with liberalism and political development, they are many definitions of its but most significantly is all organizations, agencies, trade unions and non-governmental institutions, that’s agencies were established after 2003 and received funds from United States and UN development agencies. The non- governments organizations played a significant role as support and develop many cultural, healthy, educational, and social projects, also that’s organizations try to reduction the effects of terrorists actions especially after ISI

This essay aims to highlight the most important issues and difficulties facing implementing large projects that follow the turn-key method, considered one of the types of contractual methods in Iraq, especially for large and complex projects requiring speedy completion. The projects implemented in this way face delays and delays in completion, which led to the lack of benefit from the projects for which they were implemented, especially those affecting the lives of citizens within the health sector. The case study dealt with the construction of hospitals with multi-bed capacities within multiple governorates in Iraq, With large financial allocations within the federal budget of the Government of Iraq over several years.

Abstract

               Documentary credits are considered successful means to reduce imports, especially unnecessary imports that lead to the outflow of foreign currency from the country. However, due to the backwardness of the banking methods, the reintroduction of documentary credits after 2003 did not effectively contribute to reducing import rates. This has had a negative impact on the Iraqi economy and made it vulnerable to external markets. Documentary credits are also considered the best way to ensure payment in international trade, providing independent credit support and sufficient security for exporters and importers against commerci

Introduction: The major drawback of Silver diamine ϔŽuor‹de was the dark discoloration of the treated carious lesion. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the parental acceptability and perceptions to the discoloration and assess whether the degree of their acceptability could be altered with the position of the discoloured teeth, child attitude and the demographic characteristics of parents. Method: The parents who attended the dental clinic received a questionnaire which formulated with short summery about silver diamine ϔŽuor‹de with photographs (before and after treatment) and containing questions about the demographical data, attitude of the child in the dental clinic and the acceptability of SDF discoloration at different

The purpose of this study is to describe the extent and nature of informal tenure practices in urban areas in Iraq, through undertaking a rapid assessment in Baghdad city. The UN-HABITAT 2008 publication Secure Land Rights for All discusses the importance of access and rights to land throughout the developing world. Secure land rights are critical to development and poverty reduction, and the greatest challenge in providing secure land rights are in urban areas, where overcrowding can lead to a number of informal tenure practices ranging from individually unregistered or unauthorised housing, to large informal settlements. Access to land is a fundamental basis for human shelter, food production, and other economic activity. Secur

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms or Water hyacinth is a fertile floating aquatic widespread in worldwide. The form of plants and the anatomy parts of this plant were studied. The most important feature was obvious the air chamber with intercellular spaces by amazing arrangement. As well can notice aerenchyma tissue allow the parts of plants floated on the surface of water located in the ground meristem of root, petiole and in the mesophyll of leaves also presence of two type of crystals raphides and styloid crystals was noted of various member in the plant in addition appear astrosclereids around the air chambers, to support the plant parts from the unsuitable environmental conditions such as the speed of water flow or floods or high leve

The results showed the spread of disease blight leaves caused by injury fungus Alternaria in different areas of cultivation in the city of Baghdad where he was recording the highest rate and the severity of the disease of 100% and 80%, respectively, in the Abu Ghraib area and the least of 20% and 12% respectively in the Amiriya district results showed test pathogenicity of the fungus pathogen emergence of symptoms of the disease superficial discoloration Authority of black paper when wound areas and yellowing of leaves about race as centrist and leaky latest country clear ????? on Central race after 48 hours ....