Clopidogrel is a prodrug that must be transformed into an active metabolite by hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes to prevent platelet clotting. Polymorphisms of the CYP2C19 gene can cause a reduction or complete loss of CYP2C19 enzyme activity resulting in inhibiting clopidogrel metabolism, effectiveness and increase stroke recurrence risk in ischemic stroke patients. This study aims to investigate the correlation between genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19*2 and*3 and recurrent risk in patients with ischemic stroke taking clopidogrel 75mg in Kurdistan region –Iraq. This retrospective case-control study was carried out at Kurdistan, Erbil, Medicina medical center, and Rizgary general hospital from January 2021 to August 2021. The blood sample was taken from the participants and tested for genotyping. The collection of data was taken from patients' medical charts in the hospital and patients’ electronic medical records from the neurology clinic. Sixty patients participated, (34) were male and (26) were female, with age range (38-96) years, diagnosed from not more than two years with ischemic stroke and taking 75 mg clopidogrel maintenance dose. Genotyping analysis showed 61.7 % were homozygotes for wild allele *1, the heterozygotes divided into 26.7% (*1/*2) and 6.7 % (*1/*3) genotype, while the homozygotes for mutant alleles CYP2C19*2,*3 distributed in 3.3 %(*2/*2) and 1.7 %(*3/*3). The (*2/*3) was not detected in the study population. A significant relation was found between risk of stroke recurrence with carrying the variant allele CYP2C19 *2, reduced CYP2C19 enzyme metabolic activity, and ACEIs/ARBs usage (P = 0.024, P = 0.039, P=0.24 respectively). On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between the risk of stroke recurrence and carrying the variant allele CYP2C19 *3 (P = 1.000). Ischemic stroke patients treated with clopidogrel and carrying a CYP2C19*2 allele had a higher risk of recurrent stroke as it is associated with reduced the metabolic activity of CYP2C19 enzyme leading to reduction of clopidogrel effect.
The current study aims to identify the effect of guided visualization strategy in developing the visual perception among kindergarteners. The experimental design was used; pre-post test. A total of (32) boy and girl ranging 5 to 6 years old were selected from al-Rabeea’ kindergarten, directorate of al-karkh 2 / Baghdad. The sample divided into equal two group (16) boy and girl of each one. al-Talaqany’s (2016) visual perception skills test among kindergarteners was adopted to collect the required data. The collected data had processed based on (gender, pre-post test, and age). To achieve the objectives of the study; the researcher set up series of sessions that addressed the guided visualization strategy among kindergarteners compose
... Show MoreBackground: Osteoarthritis (OA) currently seems
inevitable and unavoidable for a large swath of the
population .its etiology relates to a strong ,but
complex ,non mendelian genetic basis ,combined
with mechanical and metabolic factors that cause
molecular alterations the end results of which
affect the whole joint .Glucosamine and
chondrotin sulfate alone or in combination may be
of benefit to a subgroup of individuals who have
knee pain due to OA.
Glucosamine has been shown to alter cartiage turn
over in patients with OA undergoing physical
training
Aim of the study: To find the validity of
glucosamine chondrotin sulfate in treatment of
grade 1 and 2 OA.
Methods: the sample of 280 patients
The current research aims to measure the level of entrepreneurial orientation and its dimensions (creativity, independence, proactivity, risk tolerance, and achievement) in the National Security Chancellery, as its importance and role in guiding senior leaders of the chancellery to make strategic decisions with high quality in various Iraqi concerns, more specifically the security aspect. The data was collected from 94 individuals (the research sample) from the research community (120) individuals at different administrative levels and intentionally where the questionnaire was adopted as a main tool for data collection and the primary data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods (arithmetic mean, standard dev
... Show MoreDistribution of light intensity in the flat photobioreactor for microalgae cultivation as a step design for production of bio-renewable energy was addressed in the current study. Five sizes of bioreactors with specific distances from the main light source were adopted as independent variables in experiential design model. The results showed that the bioreactor’s location according to the light source, determines the nature of light intensity distribution in the reactor body. However, the cross-section area plays an important role in determining the suitable location of reactor to achieve required light homogeneity. This area could change even the expected response of the light passing through the reactor if Beer-Lambert's law is adopted.
... Show MoreThe logistic regression model is one of the oldest and most common of the regression models, and it is known as one of the statistical methods used to describe and estimate the relationship between a dependent random variable and explanatory random variables. Several methods are used to estimate this model, including the bootstrap method, which is one of the estimation methods that depend on the principle of sampling with return, and is represented by a sample reshaping that includes (n) of the elements drawn by randomly returning from (N) from the original data, It is a computational method used to determine the measure of accuracy to estimate the statistics, and for this reason, this method was used to find more accurate estimates. The ma
... Show MoreSamples of marsh frog included 148 sexually mature males were collected in Baghdad
from December 1992 to December 1993 to December 1993. The testis weight was expressed
as percentage of the body weight. The percent mean weights of testis were at their minimal
weight (0.255%) during April (spawning period).
Testis weight has increased until reached its greatest average weight in August (0.785%).
During the winter there is a slight decrease in weight with a more obvious fall at the spawning
months. From the results obtained from the present work on Rana ridibunda and from the
observations on annual cycle in testis weight of some temperate zone anurans we notice that
testes tend to be lowest after spawning and the te
There is no doubt that the oud is one of the most important folk musical instruments in Iraq. It has been known since the ages of ancient Iraq in its form, strings, and the way to play it through the clay number. On them, however, they have participated in showing the instrument the greatest potential and musical aesthetics, and the interested person may be wondering about ways to learn to play this instrument, so the training methods varied between personal interpretations on the one hand and systematic teaching in educational institutions on the other hand, especially that they have received the attention of educational institutions Miya, that which must adopt an appropriate and scientific strategy that accompanies global education pro
... Show MoreThe study aims to identify the role of family in inculcating the moral values of voluntary work among adults, as it constitutes the basic social institution that is responsible for raising and control children. It has regarded as the first phase of constituting societies, where family plays a significant role in changing the behavior of individuals positively or negatively through provided patterns. The moral values act as organizer of human relationship in which misusing of these values would affect the interaction between people. This study focuses on how to employ the moral values in voluntary work as a civilized behavior helps in developing and strengthening societies. The researcher adopted the analytical-descriptive approach as mor
... Show Moreشهدت العالم منذ نهايات القرن الماضي وبدايات القرن الواحد والعشرين تطورات دراماتيكية على صعيد الادبيات التنموية ، اذ تحولت التنمية من المفهوم التقليدي الذي اهتم بالنمو الاقتصادي الى رؤية جديدة هي رؤية التنمية البشرية ومن ثم الى التنمية المستدامة التي اعطت للتنمية البعد الانساني وجعلت من مشكلات واحتياجات البشر منطلق لها لتحويل الفرد والمجتمع الى مرحلة جديدة تضمن له العيش الكريم وتحقق معه
... Show MoreThe present study aims to identify the socio-psychological implications that police investigators experience regarding the variable of gender, age, place of residence, qualification, military rank, and work experience. The study included 6 individuals who were working in investigation department in Hebron district as a sample. The results demonstrated that the targeted sample had a dump attitude toward the socio-psychological implications. The psychological implications reflected 2.8739, the social side represents 3.2956.