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Safety Profile of Biological Drugs in Clinical Practice: A Retrospective Pharmacovigilance Study
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Biological drugs have an active substance that is made by a living organism or derived from a living organism. They are one of the important therapy options used in a wide range of diseases especially life-threatening diseases. Biological therapy opens new opportunities for treating different diseases for which drug therapy is minimal, but they have considerable differences in the safety consequences in comparison with non-biological drugs. The aim of the current study was to assess the post-marketing safety profile of biological drugs used in Iraqi hospitals by the analysis of the reported adverse drug reactions regarding their severity, seriousness, preventability, expectedness, and outcome. It is a retrospective study of the individual case safety reports from the Iraqi Pharmacovigilance Center/Ministry of Health. There were 446 individual case safety reports in the research, involving 899 adverse drug reactions. Rituximab was found to be the drug with the highest number of adverse drug reactions with 241 adverse drug reactions (26.81% out of total adverse drug reactions). Most of the adverse drug reactions were related to general disorders and administration site conditions (22.25%). Regarding severity of adverse drug reactions, the majority of adverse drug reactions were observed in moderate levels [Level 4 (26%), and Level 3 (18%)]. The severe adverse drug reactions in patients below 18 years age group were significantly higher compared to adults and elderly. Seriousness assessment showed that the majority of adverse drug reactions were serious (52%). Rituximab was the drug for which the highest number of serious adverse drug reactions was reported (41.28% of total serious adverse drug reactions), Most of the adverse drug reactions (66%) were probably preventable. Fatality outcome was reported for 3% of adverse drug reactions while 43% of adverse drug reactions were recovered/resolved.

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Publication Date
Fri Nov 30 2018
Journal Name
Oriental Journal Of Chemistry
Viscosity and Density Studies of Drugs in Aqueous Solution and in Aqueous Threonine Solution at 298.15 K
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Viscosities (η) and densities (ρ) of atenolol and propranolol hydrochloride in water and in concentrations (0.05 M) and (0.1 M) aqueous solution of threonine have been used to reform different important thermodynamic parameters like apparent molal volumes fv partial molal volumes at infinite dilution fvo , transfer volume fvo (tr), the slop Sv , Gibbs free energy of activation for viscous flow of solution ΔG*1,2 and the B-coefficient have been calculated using Jones-Dole equation. These thermodynamic parameters have been predicted in terms of solute-solute and solute-solvent interaction.

Publication Date
Wed Jan 14 2026
Journal Name
Bulletin Of The Chemical Society Of Ethiopa
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY STUDY OF MIXED COMPLEXES WITH VARIOUS METAL IONS .
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Four mixed ligand complexes were prepared from 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen), 5-chlorosalicylic acid (CSA), and anthranilic acid (Anthra) dissolved in aqueous ethanol at a ratio of (1:1:1:1) M: Phen:CSA: Anthra, M(II)= Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg. The prepared compounds were analyzed by flame atomic absorption, FT—IR, UV-Vis, and spectroscopic methods, as well as conductivity measurements and magnetic properties. After analyzing the prepared compounds using the acquired data, the complexes formed by mixing ligands were concluded to adopt an octahedral geometry. That study has been conducted to test the inhibitory effectiveness of the complexes (1,10-Phenanthroline (Phen), 5-Chlorosalicylic acid (CSA), Na[Cu(Phen)(CSA)(Anthra), Na[Zn(Phen)(CSA)(Anthr

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Publication Date
Wed Apr 30 2025
Journal Name
Academic Science Journal
Synthesis, Characterization and Study of Biological Activity of Some New Schiff Bases
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            In the present study, ( Schiff's bases 6a - 6e) and  (new amids derivatives 6f - 6j) have been synthesized . The glutaroyl chloride(2) has been prepared by the reacting of glutaric acid and thionyl chloride in presence of (DMF) . The new compound bis(4-formylphenyl) glutarate (3) has been Synthesized from reaction of one mole of glutaroyl chloride and two moles of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde . Compound 4,4'-(glutaroylbis(oxy))dibenzoic acid (4) was Synthesized from one mole of glutaroyl chloride and two moles of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, while compound bis(4-(chlorocarbonyl)phenyl) glutarate (5) was prepared from 4,4'-(glutaroylbis(oxy))dibenzoic acid and Thionyl chloride . Then Schiff's bases 6a - 6e that prepared

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Publication Date
Mon May 01 2023
Journal Name
Clinical And Experimental Dental Research
Atypical clinical features of post COVID‐19 mucormycosis: A case series
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Abstract<sec><title>Objectives

This case series aims to evaluate patients affected with post COVID‐19 mucormycosis from clinical presentation to surgical and pharmacological treatment to improve the disease prognosis.

Material and Methods

This case series was conducted at a specialized surgery hospital in Baghdad Medical City for over 10 months. Fifteen cases who had mild to severe COVID‐19 infections followed by symptoms similar to aggressive periodontitis, such as mobility and bone resorption around the multiple maxillary teeth, were included in this case series.

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Publication Date
Fri Mar 31 2017
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-issn 1683 - 3597 E-issn 2521 - 3512)
Formulation and Clinical Evaluation of Orphenadrine citrate as a Plain Tablet
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Orphenadrine is an anticholinergic ,antimuscarinic , centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant .It presents in the form of citrate and HCl salts which are used in treatment of the symptoms of mild Parkinson's disease and also it is used as adjuvant with other drugs in the therapy .

      Many trials were made to formulate Orphenadrine citrate as a plain tablet using wet granulation or direct compression technique in order to get a satisfactory formula through studying the effect of various factors such as binders , diluents and disintegrants types .

    The best formula was obtained by using Poly Vinyl Pyrolidine (PVP) as a binder also the results indicated that starch and mannitol

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 11 2003
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Laser
Modeling of Plasma Affected Thermal Profile in Solids During Laser Materials Processing
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A new scheme of plasma-mediated thermal coupling has been implemented which yields the temporal distributions of the thermal flux which reaches the metal surface, from which the spatial and temporal temperature profiles can be calculated. The model has shown that the temperature of evaporating surface is determined by the balance between the absorbed power and the rate of energy loss due to evaporation. When the laser power intensity range is 107 to108 W/cm2 the temperature of vapor could increase beyond the critical temperature of plasma ignition, i.e. plasma will be ignited above the metal surface. The plasma density has been analyzed at different values of vapor temperature and pressure using Boltzmann’s code for calculation of elec

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Publication Date
Thu Sep 15 2022
Journal Name
Bionatura
Assessment of lipid profile with HbA1c in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients
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Insulin-induced hyperglycemia is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus (DM), including various metabolic disorders. Diabetic people are more likely to develop dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. Type 2 diabetes ‎(T2DM), the most common illness, is generally asymptomatic in its early stages and can go misdiagnosed for years. Diabetes screening may be beneficial in some cases since early identification and treatment can lessen the burden of diabetes and its consequences.‎ This study aimed to find the relationship between Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ‎and lipid profile components in T2DM‎ patients. This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on the control group and T2DM patients in ‎Medical City in Ba

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Publication Date
Thu Sep 15 2022
Journal Name
Bionatura
Assessment of lipid profile with HbA1c in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients
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Insulin-induced hyperglycemia is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus (DM), including various metabolic disorders. Diabetic people are more likely to develop dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. Type 2 diabetes ‎(T2DM), the most common illness, is generally asymptomatic in its early stages and can go misdiagnosed for years. Diabetes screening may be beneficial in some cases since early identification and treatment can lessen the burden of diabetes and its consequences.‎ This study aimed to find the relationship between Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ‎and lipid profile components in T2DM‎ patients. This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on the control group and T2DM patients in ‎Medical City in Baghdad be

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2024
Journal Name
Open Veterinary Journal
Effect of selenium nanoparticle on lipid profile in local Awassi male lambs
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Background: This research describes the methodology used for the preparation of selenium nanoparticles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their administration to lambs for lipid profile checking, administration of selenium nanoparticles as a medication in lambs results in hypolipidemia. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the potential of selenium nanoparticles in improving lipid profiles in lambs. Methods: Healthy lambs (n=10) of similar age and weight were selected for the study. The animals were housed in individual pens with free access to water and a standard diet. The lambs were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (n=5) and the treatment group (n=5). The control group received a standard diet, while the treatme

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 30 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The Extent of the Practice of Iraqi Banks to Manage Profits Using the (LLp it) Model and Its Reflection on the Tax Base, A Case Study of A Sample of Iraqi Private Banks Listed in The Iraqi Stock Exchange
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The research aims to identify the extent to which Iraqi private banks practice profit management motivated by reducing the taxable base by increasing the provision for loan losses by relying on the LLP it model, which consists of a main independent variable (net profit before tax) and independent sub-variables (bank size, total debts to total equity, loans granted to total obligations) under the name of the variables governing the banking business. (Colmgrove-Smirnov) was used to test the normal distribution of data for all banks during the period 2017-2020, and then find the correlation between the main independent variable sub and the dependent variable by means of the correlation coefficient person, and then using the multiple

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