Effects of Boron on the structure of chloroplasts membrane isolated from cauliflower are investigated , using light scattering technique. Results obtained in this study suggest that Boron in the concentration range (0.1-5 µm) can fluidize the lipids of the chloroplast membrane due to different extent. Mechanisms by which Boron can change the lipid fluidity is discussed. Furthermore, an experimental evidence is presented to show that2µM Boron can mediate conformational changes in the membrane –bound proteins of the cauliflower’s chloroplast.

This paper presents L₁-adaptive controller for controlling uncertain parameters and time-varying unknown parameters to control the position of a DC servomotor. For the purpose of comparison, the effectiveness of L₁-adaptive controller for position control of studied servomotor has been examined and compared with another adaptive controller; Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC). Robustness of both L₁-adaptive controller and model reference adaptive controller to different input reference signals and different structures of uncertainty were studied. Three different types of input signals are taken into account; ramp, step and sinusoidal. The L₁-adaptive controller ensured uniformly bounded

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a diabetes- caused disease that is associated with  leakage of fluid from the blood vessels into the retina, leading to its damage. It is one of the most common diseases that can lead to weak vision and even blindness. Exudates is a clear indication of diabetic retinopathy, which is the main cause of blindness in people with diabetes. Therefore, early detection of exudates is a crucial and essential step to prevent blindness and vision loss is in the analysis of digital diabetic retinopathy systems. This paper presents an improved approach for detection of exudates in retina image using supervised-unsupervised Minimum Distance (MD) segmentation method. The suggested system includes three stages; First, a

Introduction The Hybrid Gamma Camera (HGC) is being developed to enhance the localisation of radiopharmaceutical uptake in targeted tissues during surgical procedures such as sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. Purpose To assess the capability of the HGC, a lymph-node-contrast (LNC) phantom was constructed for an evaluative study simulating medical scenarios of varying radioactivity concentration and SLN size. Materials and methods The phantom was constructed using two methyl methacrylate PMMA plates (8 mm thick). The SLNs were simulated by drilling circular wells of diameters ranging between 10 mm and 2.5 mm (16 wells in total) in one plate. These simulated SLNs were placed underneath scattering material with thicknesses ranging between 5 mm

InSb alloy was prepared then InSb:Bi films have been prepared successfully by thermal evaporation technique on glass substrate at Ts=423K. The variation of activation energies(Ea1,Ea2)of d.c conductivity with annealing temperature (303, 373, 423, 473, 523 and 573)K were measured, it is found that its values increases with increasing annealing temperature. To show the type of the films, the Hall and thermoelectric power were measured. The activation energy of the thermoelectric power is much smaller than for d.c conductivity and increases with increasing annealing temperature .The mobility and carrier concentration has been measured also.

Antimony (Sb) films are fabricated by depositing (Sb) on glass substrates at room
temperature by the method of vacuum evaporation with thickness (0.25 and 0.51m),
with rate of deposition equal to (2.77Å/sec), the two samples are annealed in a
vacuum for one hour at 473K. The optical constants which are represented by the
refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k) were determined from transmittance
spectram in the near Infrared(2500-3500 )nm regions. The tests have been shown
that the optical energy gap increases with increasing of annealing temperature for
the two samples.

   In this research the electrical conductivity measurements were made on the amorphous InAs films prepared by thermal evaporation method in thickness 450 nm and annealed in different temperatures in the range (303- 573) K.        The electrical conductivity (σ) showed a decreasing trend with the increasing annealing temperature, while the activation energies (Ea1, Ea2) showed an opposite trend, where the activation energies are increased with the annealing temperature.