Assessment of microbial contamination levels of water in hemodialysis centers in Baghdad, Iraq

Al Fatlawy Y.F.K. Al Fatlawy

doi:10.1002/wer.1329

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Publication Date

Tue Apr 07 2020

Journal Name

Water Environment Research

Volume

92

DOI

10.1002/wer.1329

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Assessment of microbial contamination levels of water in hemodialysis centers in Baghdad, Iraq

Al Fatlawy Y.F.K. Al Fatlawy

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Abstract<sec><label></label><p>Monitoring water quality in hemodialysis systems is extremely important to maintain adequate quality services for patients suffering from kidney failure. This work aims to examine and evaluate bacteriological characteristics and endotoxin contamination levels in hemodialysis water produced in dialysis centers. Forty‐eight water samples were collected and analyzed from four major hospitals in Baghdad for one year to evaluate seasonal effects. The analysis included the determination of total heterotrophic bacteria using the pour plate method, identification of bacterial isolate using the Vitek2 compact instrument, and the determination of endotoxins levels using Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) method. In addition, tap water samples (a source for the hemodialysis water) were also examined bacteriologically. Results showed that 44% of the tested samples for bacterial levels are higher than the maximum value of (100 CFU/ml) set out by the international standards. Endotoxin values for these centers fluctuated during the study period, and 44% of them exceeded the international standards (>0.25 EU/ml). These results call for applying improved technology to modify the existing water treatment units for better control and for national standardization of the microbiological quality of hemodialysis water.</p></sec><sec><title>Practitioner points

Four hemodialysis centers were assessed by measuring the bacteriological and endotoxins levels of their feed and product water.

Product water showed elevated levels of bacteria that exceeded the international guideline value of 100 CFU/ml.

Most of the identified bacterial species were Gram‐negative that arise the possibility of contributing to endotoxin generation.

Product water showed fluctuated values of endotoxins. About 44% of the measured samples were higher than the international guideline values of 0.25 EU/ml.

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Publication Date

Sat Oct 29 2022

Journal Name

Current Trends In Geotechnical Engineering And Construction

Identify the Critical Risk Factors at the Tendering Phase in Iraq

Tendering phase

Relative important index

Mean score

Risk factors

Marwa Makki

Meervat Razzaq

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Risk factors can be considered unique in construction projects, especially in tendering phase. This research is directed to recognize and evaluate the importance of critical risk factors in the tendering phase related to Iraq’s construction project. As a rule, construction projects are impacted by risk factors throughout the project life cycle; without identifying and allocating these risk factors, the project cannot succeed. In this paper, the open and closed questionnaires are used to categorize the critical risk factors in tendering phase. Research aims to recognize the factors that influence the success of tendering phase, to determine the correct response to the risk’s factors in this research article, (IBM, SPSS, V23) package has

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Publication Date

Sun Feb 28 2021

Journal Name

Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences

Enhancing national security through foreseeing the economic intelligence system in Iraq

Economic intelligence

National Security

Make decision

Riyadh Fadhel

Emad Mohammed

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Economic intelligence represents a modern field of knowledge that has been and is still the focus of many studies and research, including this research that deals with economic intelligence and its role in strengthening Iraqi national security - an analytical study. Economic development and economic development without security, and in a situation such as that of Iraq, which is still suffering from conflicts, conflicts and the effects of wars, as well as the unstable conditions in its regional environment, the directions of that relationship cannot be determined except through the availability of accurate information, indicators, full knowledge of reality and the pos

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Publication Date

Fri Jan 01 2010

Journal Name

Positioning

Fluid Inclusions Usage for Assessing Oil Migration in Duhok, North Iraq

Salih

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(5)

Publication Date

Sun Mar 07 2010

Journal Name

Baghdad Science Journal

A systematical study about the genus Lycopus L. (Labiatae) in Iraq

Maysoon Kh.

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The study included gross morphology and pollen of plants – which collected during field trips , and dry ones for most specimen preserved with the Iraqi herbaria – related to the genus Lycopus L. , and to identify the unidentified species and rectify the error there in , so according to that the species L. europaeus L. only were specified for the genus . Through this work the varity L. europaeus var. glabrescens Schmidely were found at the first time , and suggested to record anew for Iraq . Pollen were of medium size, and had an ellipsoid shape in the equatorial view , and hexagonal in the polar view. The ecological and soil quality where these genus plants grows were specified , and were geographically distribut

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Publication Date

Wed Mar 10 2021

Journal Name

Baghdad Science Journal

Overlap food for fish in the Haditha Dam Reservoir (Qadisiyah) Iraq

Amer Ali

Mahmmod Ahmed

Eman Nema

Mohanned Ramzi

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Shehadt 683 fish of different fish present in the tank Haditha Dam during the period of February 1993 and the end Maes 1994 to identify the nutritional content of the digestive tract or the stomach for these fish and their impact on the environment of the tank and found that Fish fine linen and Alhalg animal feeding predators feed on small fish, mainly the fish brown plantnutrition

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Publication Date

Tue Feb 05 2019

Journal Name

Journal Of The College Of Education For Women

Attitudes The King Ghazi Direction British Policy In Iraq 1933-1939

وئام شاكر

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The period of the reign of King Ghazi saw many disorders in most parts of the country and the management disrupted and imbalanced, besides tribal unrests and political conflict and collision with British interests, Such as bad management in some regions and loss of government control over some administrative units, due to the position of the weak governments towards these problems, so it was necessary to change these Governments and Ministers to solve such problems. In contrast, the Iraqi government has focused on the army as the basis for a strong state and the protector on the existence of an external threat for the safety of the country, King Ghazi has helped in the development of competencies of the military, bringing the officers ex

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Publication Date

Mon Jan 01 2024

Journal Name

Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciências

Morphological study for Accipitrid birds (Accipitridforms, Accipitridae) in Iraq; part two

A part two of Accipitridae Family members that belong to three genera: Circus

Gyps

and Neophron were documented as morphometrics

distribution ranges

and conservation status were reviewed and comprehensively discussed. A total of 29 voucher specimens belong to six species which are conserved in the “Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum INHM” as follow: Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus

1758)

Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus

1766)

Montagus Harrier Circus pygargus (Linnaeus

1758)

Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus (Gmelin

1770)

Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus

1758)

and Griffon vulture Gyps fulfus (Hablitz

1783). The results revealed significant criteria about near threatened NT species IUCN and Birdlife International listed as Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus

and Endangered (EN) species as Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus globally decreasing population trend.

HIND D.

KHALIDA I.

AFKAR M.

SUHAD Y.

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Publication Date

Thu Oct 01 2020

Journal Name

Green Engineering

Sustainability and recovery project management implementation on construction projects in Iraq

Erzaij K.R.

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(1)

Publication Date

Mon Jun 01 2015

Journal Name

Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences

Partnership between Public-Private secters between legislation and practice in IRAQ

القطاع العام والخاص - الشراكة – الخصخصة- الاصلاح الاقتصادي - الصناعة.

: The Public and Private sectors

Partnership

Privatization

Economic reform

Industry

فيصل اكرم

فيصل زيدان

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The topic of the partnership between the public and private sectors with great interest by researchers around the world after making sure that the process of economic and social development depends on a combination of resources and energies and expertise of both the public and private sectors in the creation and operation of the various projects , the economic development of the growing proved the failure of both sectors in achieving greater economic growth Klaaly separately in many countries , especially developing countries with a socialist approach , led one way or another to adopt most of the countries economic reform programs promoted by international organizations and institutions ( such as the IMF and the World Bank ) of i

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Publication Date

Wed Mar 16 2022

Journal Name

Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches

Biology Textbook for Scientific Sixth Class in Iraq (A Comparative Study)

biology

life sciences

the sixth class

comparative study

curriculum book

Huda Ghanim Dakhil

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The textbook is the primary means of creativity and thinking, which has a major role in the development of the readership and mental abilities of the student. It is the basic tool in education in Iraq for the teacher and the student, which cannot be dispensed in any educational program. The current study aimed at the book of the biology of the sixth grade of science in Iraq (comparative study). It was compared to the book of biology for the twelve grade in the Kingdom of Jordan to identify the ratio of similarity and differences between them, in addition, to identify the weaknesses in the Iraq curriculum and developing appropriate solutions and suggestions to address them. The sample was represented with books of biology (six-science cla

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